Effect of degree of saturation on mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils and its elastoplastic simulation

The two stress-state variable approach has been widely used in interpreting unsaturated soil behaviour. However this approach cannot take into account the effect of degree of saturation or water contents on the stress–strain behaviour and strength of unsaturated soils. The triaxial test results presented in this paper show that even if the same path of net stress and suction is followed, the stress–strain relation and strength are different due to different degrees of saturation. When other conditions are the same, the higher the degree of saturation for the soil sample is, the higher the stress ratio corresponding to a given axial strain will be. This effect can be modeled by using an elasto-plastic constitutive model coupling hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils. Comparisons between the predicted and measured results are presented, which demonstrate that the model can quantitatively simulate the influence of the degree of saturation on stress–strain behaviour and strength of unsaturated soils.     

Internal architecture of the soft sediment cover of the South-Aquitaine shelf (Bay of Biscay): A record of high frequency sea level variations?

Very high-resolution seismic profiles highlighted three main depositional sequences of several hundred meters thick on the South-Aquitaine shelf. The youngest one, the soft sedimentary cover (U1), is presented in this article. It is composed of six seismic units deposited during the Late Quaternary and corresponds to a repetition of a sequence type. The sequence type is formed in four phases: an erosional unconformity (S), a sub-unit “a”, an internal erosional unconformity (St) and a sub-unit “b”. The first phase begins with the erosional unconformity (S), which could be formed during the sea level fall. The second phase is the deposition of the sub-unit “a”, likely during the sea level lowstand and the early sea level rise. Its acoustic facies is generally chaotic with small channels and could be filled by coarse or heterogeneous sediments. The third phase is the formation of a plane and high amplitude unconformity (St) which could be correlated with a transgressive or a wave ravinement surface. The fourth phase corresponds to the deposition, probably during the sea level rise, of the sub-unit “b” which is characterized by subparallel reflections.     

Coupled analysis of nonlinear sloshing and ship motions

A coupled numerical model considering nonlinear sloshing flows and the linear ship motions has been developed based on a boundary element method. Hydrodynamic performances of a tank containing internal fluid under regular wave excitations in sway are investigated by the present time-domain simulation model and comparative model tests. The numerical model features well the hydrodynamic performance of a tank and its internal sloshing flows obtained from the experiments. In particular, the numerical simulations of the strong nonlinear sloshing flows at the natural frequency have been validated. The influence of the excitation wave height and wave frequency on ship motions and internal sloshing has been investigated. The magnitude of the internal sloshing increases nonlinearly as the wave excitation increases. It is observed that the asymmetry of the internal sloshing relative to still water surface becomes more pronounced at higher wave excitation. The internal sloshing-induced wave elevation is found to be amplitude-modulated. The frequency of the amplitude modulation envelope is determined by the difference between the incident wave frequency and the natural frequency of the internal sloshing. Furthermore, the coupling mechanism between ship motions and internal sloshing is discussed.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱测定铜精矿中7种稀有金属元素

准确快速测定铜精矿中7种稀有金属元素（镓铟锗硒碲铊镧）的分布情况对于铜精矿的综合利用及减少技术性贸易壁垒等方面具有重要意义,因锗和铊等目标元素含量低至10^-7级,要求分析方法具有高灵敏度。本文应用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱方法实现了7种稀有金属元素的快速准确测定。以盐酸-硝酸混合酸（体积比3：2）作为样品的微波消解试剂,选取合适的分析质量、调谐仪器及数学校正方程等三种方式消除质谱干扰。在优化的实验条件下,目标元素加标回收率为80.2%~123.3%,相对标准偏差小于13.4%。硒的检出限为1.3 mg/kg,另外6种目标元素的检出限均低于0.08 mg/kg。本法目标元素的检出限均低于电感耦合等离子体发射光谱或原子吸收光谱法测定相应元素的检出限。该方法降低了试剂空白,简化了操作流程,提高了分析灵敏度,实现了铜精矿目标元素的同时分析。     

田口方法用于地质样品中痕量超痕量金三种分析方法的对比

目前测定地质样品痕量、超痕量金常用的三种方法是活性炭吸附富集-发射光谱法、泡塑吸附富集-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法、活性炭吸附富集-电感耦合等离子体质谱法,这三种方法的检出限在0.1~0.3ng/g之间,由于矿石矿物的组成非常复杂,因此在有效富集和分离的基础上,采用合适的分析手段,能够对地质样品提供满意的分析结果。为保证试样要求的灵敏度和准确性,分析方法的选择需求应根据具体试样情况和实验室条件而定。根据田口玄一博士在测量工程学中提出的信噪比(S/N)能测量系统抗干扰能力,评价测量系统的稳健性和可靠性这一观点,本文利用田口测量质量控制理论,评价地质样品中痕量、超痕量金常用的上述三种分析测试方法,对这三种分析方法三个金标准物质的测试数据进行分类处理,计算S/N值和相对标准不确定度,通过比较三者的S/N值和相对标准不确定度值,确定更为可靠的测试体系。分析结果表明,对于地质样品中痕量金(含量大于1 ng/g)的测试,三种分析方法均能够满足要求;对于超痕量金(含量小于1 ng/g)的测试,活性炭吸附富集-电感耦合等离子体质谱法是较好的测试方案。     

应用能谱扫描电镜与X射线衍射等分析技术研究西藏扎西康铅锌矿中伴生元素锰的赋存状态

西藏扎西康铅锌多金属矿床是我国首次发现的喷流沉积-热泉水改造型锰铁锑铅锌银矿床,已有研究表明矿床中除了铅锌矿还伴生有银、锑、铜、硫、锰、砷等多种元素。本文在化学多元素分析和光学显微镜镜下鉴定的基础上,结合能谱扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析等手段对扎西康铅锌矿中伴生组分Mn的含量、矿物种类、嵌布和包裹等特性进行了研究。分析结果表明,原生矿石的主要成矿元素Pb和Zn的含量分别为6.00%和4.00%,伴生元素Mn的含量平均达到4.36%;原生矿石中的主要矿物为方铅矿、闪锌矿,其次为黄铁矿、毒砂和菱锰矿等。原生矿石中伴生元素Mn主要以独立的菱锰矿和铁菱锰矿形式存在,与闪锌矿和方铅矿密切共生,是成矿早期重要的载矿矿物,嵌布在石英、黄铁矿、闪锌矿和毒砂的粒间、边部及空隙间,其次以类质同象形式赋存于菱铁矿和菱锌矿中。进一步对扎西康铅锌矿选冶产物中的伴生元素Mn的含量和赋存状态进行研究,研究表明Mn具有较高的综合利用价值,在原生矿石、铅精矿、锌精矿和尾矿中的质量分数分别为4.36%、0.51%、0.95%和5.36%,显示Mn很少一部分进入铅精矿和锌精矿,而绝大部分进入尾矿;Mn在尾矿中仍主要以菱锰矿形式存在,存在形式与原生矿石相比未发生改变,可通过强磁选工艺从铅锌尾矿中综合回收利用Mn。     

熔融制样波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定白云石中钙镁硅铁铝

白云石属碳酸盐矿物,应用熔融制样X射线荧光光谱法测定其中主次量组分钙、镁、硅、铁、铝时,由于白云石灼烧减量大,在试料片制备过程中,如果以干基试料制备试料片,除灼烧减量外还有少量其他组分被分解出的大量CO₂带走,导致试料损失,测定结果偏低;如果以灼烧基试料制备试料片,由于灼烧后的试料极易吸收空气中的水分和CO₂,同样使测定结果偏低。基于质量守恒原理,本文直接以灼烧减量测量后的灼烧基试料质量作为试料量(即灼烧减量测定所称量的干基试料量扣除灼烧减量的量),以四硼酸锂为熔剂,5%碘化铵溶液为脱模剂,试料与熔剂的稀释比为1:10,于1050℃熔融15 min以上制备的试料片透彻、玻璃化程度高。以白云石标准物质和标准样品作为标准试料,制作各组分的标准曲线的相关系数在0.9940~0.9994之间;方法检出限为0.011%~0.48%;标准物质和标准样品的测定值与认定值基本一致,各组分的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)在0.5%~1.7%之间,方法具有较好的重现性。本方法以1050℃灼烧后的试样作为试料制备XRF分析样片,最大限度地降低了灼烧减量因素(空气中的水分和CO₂)对测定结果的影响,适用于白云石及其煅烧物中钙、镁、硅、铁、铝等组分的同时测定。     

iCAP 6300电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪的常规维护方法

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪在使用过程中,由于控制气体流量的电磁阀出现机械性移位,致使工作气流量过于偏大或偏小,对进样系统及分析数据产生不利影响;长期频繁使用条件下,由于控制光学系统的机械定位装置的磨损,致使谱峰坐标偏离而影响仪器灵敏度;很长时间不能"引燃"等离子体,检查进样系统和氩气纯度并没有发现异常,需要验证RF发生器有无功率输出时有一定的困难;在等离子体工作时产生的高温尾气的长期作用下,难免造成点火头末端铜丝的锈蚀,致使点火头放电微弱,不能"引燃"等离子体。因此,为保证仪器的正常运行,提高工作效率,确保检测数据的准确度,实验室应建立健全电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪维护保养方案,解决上述问题。本文结合实际工作经验,以iCAP 6300电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪为例,提出可以借助"Manufacturing and Service.exe"程序校正工作气流量,验证RF发生器是否输出功率;利用C 193.091 nm谱线为基准校正谱线修正CID检测器的谱峰坐标系统;另外,对点火头、分析软件数据库及主机灰尘的清理也进行了详细的维护说明,这些措施有益于保障仪器的性能及提高设备的利用率。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铅锌矿中15个主次量元素

铅锌矿多元素同时测定中,样品预处理过程受多种不同因素的影响,单因素试验往往无法同时为多因素实验提供合理的优化方案。本文采用盐酸-硝酸溶矿,考察了样品预处理过程中混合酸配比、混合酸体积、消解时间及消解温度对消解效果的影响,利用正交试验设计及极差分析确定了最优消解条件:盐酸-硝酸混合酸配比3∶1,混合酸体积10 m L,消解时间120 min,消解温度90℃,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定铅锌矿中15个主次量元素(铅锌铜锰砷银铋镉钴镍镓铟钼锗锑)的含量。在最优条件下,用富铅锌矿石国家标准物质(GBW 07165)进行试验,大多数元素的精密度(RSD,n=12)和准确度小于5%,方法检出限为0.0019~0.048μg/g。基于铅锌矿主要是以硫化物形式存在,采用一系列硫化物国家标准物质验证方法的准确度及可行性,检测结果基本都在标准值的误差范围内。应用该方法分析湖南某矿区中大批量铅锌矿样品,标样质量统计合格率为100%,密码质量统计合格率大于97%。