贵州高原复杂地形下月平均日最高气温分布式模拟

在前人研究的基础上,对以前的模型进行改进,考虑了坡度、坡向和地形相互遮蔽作用对复杂地形下天文辐射的影响,基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据,建立以天文辐射为起始数据的复杂地形下月平均日最高气温的分布式模型,在模型中考虑了海拔高度、复杂地形下太阳总辐射、日照百分率对月平均日最高气温的影响.以贵州高原为例.应用100m×100m分辨率的DEM数据.1960-2000年贵州省及周边102个气象站常规气象要素观测资料以及NOAA-AVHRR观测资料,10个气象站的太阳辐射量资料,计算了贵州高原各月及年平均日最高气温精细空间分布.结果表明:(1)坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽对月平均日最高气温的影响较大,由于局地地形因子的影响,复杂地形下月平均日最高气温的空间分布具有明显的地域分布特征,局地地形对月平均日最高气温的影响是不容忽视的.(2)季节不同,局地地形因子对复杂地形下月平均日最高气温空间分布的影响不同,冬半年大于夏半年.月平均日最高气温随海拔高度的增加而降低.南坡随坡度的增大而升高:北坡随坡度的增大而降低.在坡向影响上,1-5月、10-12月偏北坡月平均日最高气温偏低,偏南坡月平均日最高气温偏高;7-8月因太阳高度较高,因此出现相反的情况.北坡高于南坡.     

高级变质地体中多期变质事件的甄别:以东南极埃默里地区为例

在多期高级变质地体中确定每期变质事件的性质、时代和P-T轨迹是一项非常困难的研究工作,也是变质地质学研究领域的前沿课题。将精细的地质年代学研究与详细的构造解析和岩石学观察相结合,这是建立同位素年龄与变质事件之间有机联系的最好方法。使用这种方法来甄别东南极埃默里地区格林维尔期和泛非期高级变质事件获得了初步的成功,基本上查明了两期变质事件的影响范围、变质时代和P-T演化,但也存在许多尚未解决的科学问题。一般而言,在同一变质地体中发育两期/多期具有不同构造指向的挤压-伸展变形、保存不同类型(如顺时针和逆时针)或者不连续的P-T演化轨迹以及含有两组/多组变质年龄等可视为存在多期变质事件的标志。当前对多期高级变质作用叠加的研究中还存在两个不清楚的岩石学问题,其一是早期变质作用对晚期变质重结晶施加了什么样的影响?其二是晚期变质作用如何叠加在早期变质矿物组合之上?所以,探索多期高级变质事件的叠加机理、变质行为及控制因素仍是未来岩石学家的艰巨任务。     

太古宙高级变质区退变质流体与金矿床成因的关联──以大青山地区金矿床为例

通过内蒙古大青山地区麻粒岩相岩石内韧性剪切带中流体演化研究，以及与该区内金矿床中流体包裹体的对比，认为产于太古宙高级变质区内的金矿床成因类型复杂，其中有的成矿流体是退变质热液演化的产物，该类矿床可称为退变质热液型金矿床。     

The formation of high-grade ignimbrites, I: Experiments on high- and low-concentration transport systems containing sticky particles

 High-grade ignimbrites are thought to be deposited by pyroclastic flows at temperatures exceeding minimum welding temperature or even solidus temperature. Corresponding pyroclastic-flow particles range from plastic to partially liquid and are able to aggregate or coalesce. This contrasts with particles in pyroclastic flows producing unwelded ignimbrite, which are capable of elastic grain interactions. The low aspect ratio and great areal extent of high-grade ignimbrites requires transport in a particulate state either by (a) high-concentration mass flow facilitated by fluidizing gas reducing internal friction, or by (b) expanded turbulent flow of low but downward increasing concentration. This paper presents experiments designed to investigate the effects of plastic to liquid particles on these two contrasting transport mechanisms. Gas fluidization experiments using polyethyleneglycole (PEG) powders heated above minimum sintering (T_ms) and melting (T_m) temperatures cover a wide range of fluidization velocities (U_mf>U_a>0.6·U_t) but are always in the bubbly fluidization regime similar to fluidized ignimbrite ash, where particle volume concentration outside the bubbles is high (≈10^–1). When the powders reach a critical temperature T_m≥T≥T_ms, defluidization by catastrophic particle aggregation immediately commences in both stationary and laterally moving fluidized beds as well as in experiments using mixtures of high- and low-T_m (≥30 wt.%) PEG powders, when T≥T_ms of the lower-T_m powder. This indicates that extended particulate transport at T≥T_ms is not possible at such high particle concentrations. In the turbulent flow experiments, liquid sprays of molten PEG or water, vertically injected into a high-Re (>10⁴) horizontal air flow, form a low-concentration (10^–5 to 10^–4) turbulent suspension current. Proximal formation of partially coalesced aggregates, which settle faster than individual particles, causes the measured downstream decay of sedimentation rate to be steeper than predicted by theory of single solid-particle sedimentation from turbulent suspensions. As particles become finer downstream and coalescence efficiency decreases in response to cooling, more distally formed aggregates become too small and rare to modify sedimentation-rate decay from that of suspension flows containing solid particles. The key difference between the two transport systems is particle concentration, C. Since particle collision rate R_coll∝C², collision rates in fluidized beds are so high that all particles immediately aggregate when coalescence efficiency (1≥E_coal≥0) is larger than 10^-3. Low-concentration suspensions, on the other hand, require much higher values of E_coal for significant aggregation to occur. Dilute pyroclastic flows will have higher particle volume fractions (≈10^–3) than the experimental currents, but then viscous pyroclasts should have lower coalescence efficiencies than PEG droplets. Experimental results thus support an expanded turbulent transport mechanism of pyroclastic flows generating extensive high-grade ignimbrite sheets. Received: 28 August 1996 / Accepted: 3 December 1997     

Griffith Taylor and the SE Australian highlands: issues of data sources and testability in interpretations of long‐term drainage history and landscape evolution

Much of the current research on long‐term landscape evolution and drainage history in SE Australia is built in one way or another on the early work of Griffith Taylor. The controversy prompted by several attempts to incorporate Taylor's work in recent plate tectonics interpretations of the long‐term evolution of SE Australia highlights differences of opinion as to the appropriate methodologies for such investigations. These questions, including the issues of data sources in reconstructions of long‐term landscape history, testability of such reconstructions, and the relationship between the landscape history so reconstructed and larger‐scale, regional landscape histories, appear not to have been addressed in recent literature on geomorphological methodology. This literature notes the demise of critical rationalism and appears to espouse a strongly relativist viewpoint, which relies on the shared understanding among the discipline's practitioners as to what are appropriate data sources and tests for hypotheses of long‐term landscape evolution. This offers little hope for resolution of the current disputes about the evolution of the drainage systems of SE Australia, but puts the onus squarely on us, the practitioners, to develop shared understandings of the appropriate data sources and tests for our hypotheses and grand schemes of the type so favoured by Griffith Taylor.     

行政边界地带跨政区协调体系构建

中国的区域发展面临跨政区整合及其协调机制重构的挑战,区域发展的冲突和矛盾在"行政边界地带—地方政府—跨政区协调"这一主题下交织和渗透,并在行政边界地带被聚焦和放大,行政边界地带成为跨政区矛盾冲突最为集中的区域。该文聚焦于国内外行政边界地带跨政区协调的研究成果,构建了行政边界地带跨政区协调体系。地方政府、企业机构、当地居民和民间组织构成跨政区协调的利益相关者,通过技术途径、组织途径和社会途径等方式,通过冲突、边界共生资源开发与利用、多边经济合作与竞争、边界生态环境治理等议题展开边界协调讨论。     

An outline of shear-sense analysis in high-grade rocks

Ductile shear zones are important in tectonic reconstructions as a source of information on the relative motion of large crustal blocks or plates in the geological past. Methods to interpret fabric in ductile shear zones were mostly developed for low grade rocks where overprinting relations are usually well preserved. However, high grade shear zones are common and dominate in many Precambrian terrains. High grade shear zones should be analysed in a different way from low grade zones. The plane on which shear sense markers should be observed, the vorticity profile plane, is more difficult to find than in low grade shear zones. The most reliable shear sense markers in high grade shear zones are shear bands, mineral fish, mantled porphyroclasts, sigmoids and asymmetric boudins.     

Simulation of astronomical solar radiation over Yellow River Basin based on DEM

1IntroductionDistributed watershed hydrological model has become one of the hot topics in hydrology for its predominance in reflecting the influence of the spatial distributed features of terrains on hydrological processes (Wan etal., 2001; Abbott etal., 1986; Beven etal., 1992). However its demands on the spatio-temporal changeful surface elements such as solar radiation, precipitation, temperature etc. are strict. Being the limitations of observation techniques, data availability and study …     

Gravity evidence for a mafic intrusion beneath a mineralized zone in the Bondy gneiss complex, Grenville Province, Quebec — Exploration implications

A ground gravity survey over the Bondy gneiss complex and its mineralized iron oxide- and copper-rich hydrothermal system(s) in the Grenville Province of SW Quebec was undertaken to aid mineral exploration in mapping subsurface intrusions. Several kilometric-scale positive Bouguer anomalies were identified that coincide with outcropping mafic and intermediate intrusive rocks of the post peak-metamorphic, 1.17-1.16 Ga mafic to intermediate Chevreuil suite intrusions and a 1.09-1.07 Ga Rolleau ultramafic stock. An additional 4 × 3 kilometre positive gravity anomaly indicates a mafic body underlies part of the metamorphosed hydrothermal system in the area of magnetite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite mineralization. Advanced argilic alteration associated with sulphide enrichment here is however indicative of an epithermal system with a felsic intrusion fluid source. As a felsic intrusion cannot explain the positive Bouguer gravity anomaly both felsic and mafic bodies must be present beneath the mineralized zone. Our preferred interpretation based on integrating gravity data and 2D forward gravity modelling with the results of field and geochemical studies is that this anomaly corresponds to a ca. 500 m deep mafic 1.17-1.16 Ga Chevreuil suite pluton that may have provided the source for hydrothermal fluids associated with late ductile shear- and fault-related mineralization or remobilization of early mineralization associated with a felsic pluton into late structures. This interpretation is compatible with gabbro xenoliths in the 1.07 Ga Rivard lamprophyre dyke on the NW margin of the gravity anomaly that bear significant similarities with those of the Chevreuil intrusive suite. The presence of both early felsic and late mafic intrusions beneath a group of three mineral occurrences in the Bondy gneiss complex strengthens their prospectivity in comparison to other mineral occurrences in the area. That early, pre-metamorphic mineralization was upgraded late in the tectonothermal evolution during a subsequent igneous and deformation event agrees with interpretations of other IOCG-style deposits in the Lac Manitou area of the eastern Grenville Province.     

3D geometrical modelling of post-foliation deformations in metamorphic terrains (Syros,Cyclades, Greece)

Superposed to ductile syn-metamorphic deformations, post-foliation deformations affect metamorphic units during their exhumation. Understanding the role of such deformations in the structuration of metamorphic units is key for understanding the tectonic evolution of convergence zones. We characterize post-foliations deformations using 3D modelling which is a first-order tool to describe complex geological structures, but a challenging task where based only on surface data. We propose a modelling procedure that combines fast draft models (interpolation of orientation data), with more complex ones where the structural context is better understood (implicit modelling), allowing us to build a 3D geometrical model of Syros Island blueschists (Cyclades), based on field data. With our approach, the 3D model is able to capture the complex present-day geometry of the island, mainly controlled by the superposition of three types of post-metamorphic deformations affecting the original metamorphic pile: i) a top-to-South ramp-flat extensional system that dominates the overall island structure, ii) large-scale folding of the metamorphic units associated with ramp-flat extensional system, and iii) steeply-dipping normal faults trending dominantly NNW-SSE and EW. The 3D surfaces produced by this method match outcrop data, are geologically consistent, and provide reasonable estimates of geological structures in poorly constrained areas.