CHARACTERISTICS OF SATELLITE GRAVITY FIELD AND SEISMOGENIC MECHANISM IN THE LONGMENSHAN FAULT ZONE

Longmenshan fault zone is a famous orogenic belt and seismic zone in the southeastern Tibetan plateau of China. The Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake on May 12, 2008 and the Ya'an M_S7.0 earthquake on April 20, 2013 occurred in the central-southern part of Longmenshan fault zone. Because of its complex geological structures, frequent earthquakes and special geographical locations, it has attracted the attention of many scholars around the world. Satellite gravity field has advantages in studying gravity field and gravity anomaly changes before and after earthquake. It covers wide range, can be updated regularly, without difficulty in terms of geographical restrictions, and is not affected by environmental factors such as weather, terrain and traffic. Therefore, the use of high-precision Earth satellite gravity field data inversion and interpretation of seismic phenomena has become a hot topic in earth science research. In order to understand satellite gravity field characteristics of the Longmenshan earthquake zone in the southeastern Tibetan plateau and its seismogenic mechanism of earthquake disasters, the satellite gravity data was used to present the terrain information of the study area. Then, by solving the regional gravity anomaly of the Moho surface, the crustal thickness of the study area was inverted, and the GPS velocity field data was used to detect the crustal deformation rate and direction of the study area. Combining the tectonic setting of the Longmenshan fault zone and the existing deep seismic sounding results of the previous researchers, the dynamic characteristics of the gravity time-varying field after the earthquake in the Longmenshan earthquake zone was analyzed and the mechanism of the earthquake was explored. The results show that the eastward flow of deep materials in the eastern Tibetan plateau is strongly blocked at the Longmenshan fault zone. The continuous collision and extrusion process result in a "deep drop zone" in the Moho surface, and the long-term stress effect is conducive to the formation of thrust-nappe and strike-slip structures. The Longmenshan earthquake zone was in the large-scale gradient zone of gravity change before the earthquake, the deep plastic fluid material transport velocity differed greatly, the fluid pressure was enhanced, and the rock mechanical strength in the seismic source region was weakened, which contributed to the intrusion of crustal fluid and the upwelling of the asthenosphere. As a result, the continuous accumulation of material and energy eventually led to continuous stress imbalance in the deep part and shear rupture of the deep weak structure, causing the occurrence of the thrust-nappe and strike-slip earthquake.     

不同温压条件下弹性波在岩石中传播速度的实验研究

对以岩浆岩为主的岩石类型进行了不同温压条件下弹性波传播速度的实验研究，结果表明：（１）岩石的物质组成是决定弹性波传播速度的主要因素。以岩浆岩为例，由酸性到基性波速呈增加趋势；（２）岩石中弹性波的传播速度随环境条件改变而变化。一般说来，随温压条件的升高而升高     

川西高温水热活动区深部热结构的地球物理分析

川西高温水热活动区是地热学研究的典型地区之一,该区温泉、热泉点分布广泛,这些温泉大多沿北西-南东向的金沙江断裂、德格-乡城断裂、甘孜-理塘断裂、鲜水河三条主断裂呈条带状分布.对此高温水热活动区开展地热学分析,是研究青藏高原"东构造结"深部地球动力学过程、开发利用川西高原地热资源的重要基础,具有重要的科学研究意义和实际应用价值.本文针对实测氦同位素所发现的壳幔热结构比,依据重力、航空磁法、地震资料,采用反演莫霍面、居里面深度等方法,对川西高温水热活动区的深部热结构进行了分析.同时对中高温热泉密集出露的巴塘、理塘以及康定水热活动区的典型壳幔热流构与深部背景场进行了对比研究.结果表明,地表氦同位素热流估算的深部热流结构与地球物理异常结果保持较好的对应关系.川西地区热流结构中地壳、地幔的热贡献比较接近：巴塘地区平均Qc/Q=51.38%、理塘地区平均Qc/Q=54.39%、康定地区平均Qc/Q=42.42%.川西地区表现出了"温壳温幔"型的深部热结构,但温地壳背景下形成较高地表热流的原因有待进一步研究.     

西昆仑接收函数反演与构造解析

中法合作布设的青藏高原西昆仑叶城-噶尔(狮泉河)天然地震探测剖面穿越了西昆仑构造的主要构造单元, 通过对36个台站128个远震P波事件的接收函数分析,取得了各台站的接收函数随方位角和震中距变化的趋势, 分析了变化趋势与地壳构造的关系。通过台站平均接收函数的反演拟合,取得了120km深度范围以上的横波速度分布,综合地质构造解释,发现康西瓦断裂地表倾斜渐变为直立并略向南拖曳的现象,塔里木前陆盆地沉积与逆冲构造有比较明显的显示,同时推测了盆地下的滑脱构造。班公湖-怒江断裂也有向北俯冲的显示,得出了印藏碰撞远距离效应在西昆仑受阻,应力通过地表次级断裂释放,同时形成盆地沉积的前陆构造模式。     

渗透系数极端情况下饱和土中压缩波波速及其物理本质

目前对渗透系数取极端值情况下饱和土中两类压缩波物理本质的理解尚不够清晰,比如文献中对渗透系数无穷大情况下饱和土中两类压缩波波速的求解有不同的结果。结合Zienkiewicz给出的土动力学基本方程,深入讨论了流体运动方程的建立,推导了饱和土一维压缩弹性问题的动力控制方程及其 - 、 - 形式,进而得出渗透系数取0和取无穷大这两种极端情况下饱和土中压缩波的波速,解释了其物理意义。提出了惯性耦合力的概念,指出两相体动力分析时土骨架和孔隙水之间的相互作用包含渗透力和惯性耦合力两项,并重点讨论了衡量惯性耦合力的参数孔隙度对压缩波波速的影响。     

渤海西岸边界层东风与暴雪天气的机理分析

2008年12月20—21日和2010年1月3日天津地区分别出现了历史同期罕见的暴雪天气。为了提高对这种极端天气发生机理的认识,利用多种资料对这两次天气过程进行了分析。结果表明：两次暴雪过程均属于回流型降雪,但环流形势和影响系统的演变却不尽相同。影响系统分别为高空横槽（高空槽）、850 hPa切变（850 hPa低涡切变）和地面倒槽（地面气旋）,水汽源自700 hPa西南气流和边界层东风的水汽输送。由于两次过程均与边界层东风相伴,特别对渤海西岸边界层东风对降雪天气的影响和作用进行探讨,表明偏东风不仅为本地输送一定量级的水汽,同时这种具有冷湿特征的东风还会与内陆具有暖湿结构的偏南风形成地面辐合线,加强地面的动力抬升作用,产生上升运动,有利于雨雪天气的加强和维持,因此可以认为边界层东风对暴雪的发生发展起到了显著的作用。     

An experimental study of the grain-scale processes of peridotite melting: implications for major and trace element distribution during equilibrium and disequilibrium melting

The grain-scale processes of peridotite melting were examined at 1,340°C and 1.5 GPa using reaction couples formed by juxtaposing pre-synthesized clinopyroxenite against pre-synthesized orthopyroxenite or harzburgite in graphite and platinum-lined molybdenum capsules. Reaction between the clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene-rich aggregates produces a melt-enriched, orthopyroxene-free, olivine + clinopyroxene reactive boundary layer. Major and trace element abundance in clinopyroxene vary systematically across the reactive boundary layer with compositional trends similar to the published clinopyroxene core-to-rim compositional variations in the bulk lherzolite partial melting studies conducted at similar P–T conditions. The growth of the reactive boundary layer takes place at the expense of the orthopyroxenite or harzburgite and is consistent with grain-scale processes that involve dissolution, precipitation, reprecipitation, and diffusive exchange between the interstitial melt and surrounding crystals. An important consequence of dissolution–reprecipitation during crystal-melt interaction is the dramatic decrease in diffusive reequilibration time between coexisting minerals and melt. This effect is especially important for high charged, slow diffusing cations during peridotite melting and melt-rock reaction. Apparent clinopyroxene-melt partition coefficients for REE, Sr, Y, Ti, and Zr, measured from reprecipitated clinopyroxene and coexisting melt in the reactive boundary layer, approach their equilibrium values reported in the literature. Disequilibrium melting models based on volume diffusion in solid limited mechanism are likely to significantly underestimate the rates at which major and trace elements in residual minerals reequilibrate with their surrounding melt. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

地震波频散效应与反Q滤波相位补偿

本文以Futterman提出的地震波振幅衰减和相速度频散表达式为基础,从井震匹配的角度出发,推导了不进行反Q滤波、仅反Q滤波振幅补偿、仅反Q滤波相位补偿,以及反Q滤波相位与振幅同时补偿四种情况下,地震波速度频散与相速度及地震记录振幅谱间的表达式,并从理论上说明了反Q滤波相位补偿的必要性.通过相同观测系统,炸药震源和可控震源分别激发采集的零偏移距VSP资料实例,验证了本文所推导的速度频散表达式的合理性;通过井震标定实例,进一步说明了反Q滤波相位补偿,可有效消除地震子波速度频散,提升地面地震资料与零偏移距VSP走廊叠加剖面的匹配度,最终提高地震资料成果的可信度.     

山西地区的波速比（V_P/V_S）特征研究

利用山西台网的数字地震观测资料,采用单震多台和达法、多震多台联合测定法,对山西北部、中部和南部地区波速比进行分析研究,结果表明：在2010年1月24日的河津万荣4.8级地震、4月4日的大同4.5级地震和6月5日阳曲4.6级地震前均存在波速比下降现象,其中前2次地震发生在波速比下降过程中,第3次地震则发生在波速比异常恢复阶段。之后山西中部和北部的波速比处于低值,尤其是山西北部的波速比低值持续,说明山西省北部是比较危险的区域。     

航空矢量重力测量中科里奥利加速度对测速精度要求分析

首先论述了航空矢量重力测量中科里奥利加速度的计算模型,给出了科里奥利加速度改正对水平、垂直速度要求的分析模型。数值表明,在低纬地区欲达到1mGal的科里奥利加速度的精度,要求速度的精度为5cm／s左右;依据实测数据,目前GPS测得的载体速度精度为0．3mm／s,完全能够满足航空矢量重力测量对科里奥利加速度改正的要求。