高温高压实验弹性波速研究及其地球动力学意义

本文在收集，整理国内外有关高温高压实验岩石，矿物弹性波速研究资料的基础上，对高温高压实验弹性波速研究的目的，内容进行了概述，并对国内外这一领域研究的历史，现状及有关实验技术方法进行了综述，其中重点介绍了我国在高温高压岩石波速研究方面的进展及所取得的成就，并对高温高压弹性波速研究的地球动力学意义进行了讨论。     

高砷地下水研究的热点及发展趋势

全球范围内广泛分布的高砷地下水给人们的健康造成了极大的威胁.高砷地下水的形成机理是一项世界性的科学问题.介绍了高砷地下水的分布特点、富集机理,阐明了溶解性有机物、地下水流动特征对高砷地下水形成的影响机制.现今的研究揭示了有机物和微生物协同作用下高砷地下水的形成过程,并且在高砷地下水的空间分布、时间变化特征以及人类活动对高砷地下水形成的影响等方面取得了一些创新性成果.这3方面的研究也逐渐成为近些年高砷地下水研究的热点.这些研究不仅丰富了砷迁移转化的理论成果,而且有助于开辟低砷水源,保障水资源的可持续利用,具有重要的理论和现实意义.     

Response of the ionosphere–thermosphere system to magnetospheric processes

The magnetosphere–ionosphere–thermosphere system at high latitudes is strongly coupled via electric fields, particle precipitation, plasma and neutral outflows, and field-aligned currents. Although the climatology of the coupled system is fairly well established, our understanding of the variability of the disturbed state (weather) is rudimentary. This variability is associated with magnetic storms and substorms, nonlinear processes that operate over a range of spatial scales, time delays, and feedback mechanisms between the different domains. The variability and resultant structure of the ionosphere can appear in the form of propagating plasma patches and polar wind jets, pulsing ion and neutral polar winds, auroral and boundary blobs, and ionization channels associated with polar cap arcs, discrete auroral arcs, and storm-enhanced densities (SEDs). The variability and structure of the thermosphere can appear in the form of propagating atmospheric holes, neutral gas fountains, neutral density patches, and transient neutral jets. In addition, during periods of enhanced plasma convection, the neutral winds can become supersonic in relatively narrow regions of the polar cap. The spatial structure in the ionosphere–thermosphere system not only affects the local environment, but the cumulative effect of multiple structures may affect the global circulation and energy balance. A focused topical review of recent results in our modeling the variability and structure of the high-latitude ionosphere–thermosphere system is presented. This review was given at the Greenland Space Science Symposium (May 2007).     

Robust LS-SVM regression for ore grade estimation in a seafloor hydrothermal sulphide deposit

Due to the geological complexities of ore body formation and limited borehole sampling, this paper proposes a robust weighted least square support vectormachine (LS-SVM) regression model to solve the ore grade estimation for a seafloor hydrothermal sulphide deposit in Solwara 1, which consists of a large proportion of incomplete samples without ore types and grade values. The standard LS-SVM classification model is applied to identify the ore type for each in complete sample. Then, a weighted K-nearest neighbor (WKNN) algorithm is proposed to interpolate the missing values. Prior to modeling, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to obtain an appropriate splitting for the training and test data sets so as to eliminate the large discrepancies caused by randomdivision. Coupled simulated annealing (CSA) and grid search using 10-fold cross validation techniques are adopted to determine the optimal tuning parameters in the LS-SVM models. The effectiveness of the proposed model by comparing with other well-known techniques such as inverse distance weight (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), and back propagation (BP) neural network is demonstrated. The experimental results show that the robust weighted LS-SVM outperforms the othermethods, and has strong predictive and generalization ability.     

Sedimentary pellets as an ice-cover proxy in a High Arctic ice-covered lake

Sediment aggregates (“sedimentary pellets”) within the sedimentary record of Lake A (83°00′ N, 75°30′ W), Ellesmere Island, Canada, are used to construct a 1000 year proxy record of ice-cover extent and dynamics on this perennially ice-covered, High Arctic lake. These pellets are interpreted to form during fall or early winter when littoral sediment adheres to ice forming around the lake’s periphery or during summer through the development of anchor ice. The sediment likely collects in ice interstices and is concentrated in the upper ice layers through summer surface ice melt and winter basal ice growth. The pellets remain frozen in the ice until a summer or series of summers with reduced ice cover allows for their deposition across the lake basin. Sedimentary pellet frequency within multiple sediment cores is used to develop a chronology of ice-cover fluctuations. This proxy ice-cover record is largely corroborated by a record of unusual sedimentation in Lake A involving iron-rich, dark-orange to red laminae overlying more diffuse laminae with a lighter hue. This sediment sequence is hypothesized to represent years with reduced ice cover through increased chemocline ventilation and iron deposition. During the past millennium, the most notable period of inferred reduced ice cover is ca. 1891 AD to present. Another period of ice cover mobility is suggested ca. 1582–1774 AD, while persistent ice cover is inferred during the 1800s and prior to 1582 AD. The proxy ice-cover record corresponds well with most regional melt-season proxy temperature and paleoecological records, especially during the 1800s and 1900s.

新疆旅游资源的类型、等级及空间分布特征

在全面掌握新疆旅游资源的实查资料基础上,对全疆旅游资源做系统分类与定量评价,总结其类型、等级和空间分布特征,并从新疆地理环境变迁和多民族、多文化的社会环境两方面分析新疆高品质旅游资源的成因。结果表明:新疆旅游资源类型多样,与全国相比,主类、亚类齐全,基本类型占66.5%;八大类中建筑与设施和地文景观的种类较丰富;建筑与设施类景点最多,水域风光和生物景观次之;新疆旅游资源等级较高,优良级占43.6%,整体为中间大两头小的谷仓型结构;高等级集中于凸峰、观光游憩湖区、林地、草地、野生动物栖息地、废城与聚落地、石窟、边境口岸、特色街巷、传统手工产品与制品、民间演艺等类;空间分布呈现为三带两环状和六点状集聚特征,这与新疆地貌格局和高品质景点的聚群作用有关;新疆自然旅游资源是整个地理环境演变过程的产物;而多民族、多文化的社会环境是人文类的主要成因。     

A parallel evolutionary strategy based simulation–optimization approach for solving groundwater source identification problems

Groundwater characterization involves the resolution of unknown system characteristics from observation data, and is often classified as an inverse problem. Inverse problems are difficult to solve due to natural ill-posedness and computational intractability. Here we adopt the use of a simulation–optimization approach that couples a numerical pollutant-transport simulation model with evolutionary search algorithms for solution of the inverse problem. In this approach, the numerical transport model is solved iteratively during the evolutionary search. This process can be computationally intensive since several hundreds to thousands of forward model evaluations are typically required for solution. Given the potential computational intractability of such a simulation–optimization approach, parallel computation is employed to ease and enable the solution of such problems. In this paper, several variations of a groundwater source identification problem is examined in terms of solution quality and computational performance. The computational experiments were performed on the TeraGrid cluster available at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications. The results demonstrate the performance of the parallel simulation–optimization approach in terms of solution quality and computational performance.     

含芘氨基酸衍生物对水中Cd2+、Pb2+的高选择性识别研究

本文报道了一种新型含芘氨基酸衍生物-L-[4-（1-芘基）]丁酰基苯丙氨酸（缩写为PLT）,通过对PLT与离子结合前后其二聚体/单体荧光发射峰强度比的检测表明该衍生物对水中的重金属离子Cd^2＋和Pb^2＋表现出了极强的识别性能,而对水中所存在的其它离子则具有完全不同的响应特性.     

溶洞对路基稳定性影响分析——以常张高速公路K122+200路基为例

利用弹塑性理论和有限差分方法,对常张高速公路下伏溶洞处理前后对路基变形和稳定性影响进行了计算分析和评价。计算结果表明,在汽车动载作用下,常张高速公路K122+ 200路基和溶洞上部土层产生较大的塑性变形, 整个路基处于不稳定状态。进一步分析表明,溶洞的顶板厚度是影响路基稳定性的主导因素,随着顶板厚度的增加,路基地面变形迅速减小。K122+ 200路基下伏溶洞采用回注水泥粘土浆液加固处理后,路基变形和溶洞上部土体的塑性变形明显减小,可见回注水泥粘土浆液加固溶洞效果明显,能满足工程建设的要求。      

基于范数灰色理论的滑坡稳定性敏感因子分析

灰色关联分析模型可用于滑坡稳定性敏感因子的定量分析。将范数灰色理论引入到滑坡稳定性敏感因子分析之中,确定了影响滑坡稳定性系数的因素权重,较为直观地反映了各影响因子对滑坡稳定性的影响程度。以重庆市綦江县土台镇滑坡为例,进行滑坡稳定性敏感因子的范数灰关联度计算。结果显示,滑动面岩土体强度参数是影响土台镇滑坡稳定性最重要的因素,地震作用和地下水位的变化对该滑体稳定性的影响要稍弱一些。