Geochemistry of the High Dam Lake sediments,south Egypt： implications for environmental significance

The goal of the present work is to perform a geochemical assessment of High Dam Lake bottom sediments for determining the fate, dispersion and levels of trace elements causing environmental pollution, and provided an access to their probable sources. The sediment samples were analyzed using ICP-MS for 20 elements; Ag, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ga, Hf, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sc, Se, Sn, Sr, Ta Th Ti, T1, U, V and Zr, and their obtained data were treated using statistical, graphical and mapping techniques. The results showed the data set of all analyzed elements affected by outliers and extreme values that caused deviation away from normality. Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that median of some trace element levels in Lake sediments, was not significantly different and other elements rejected the Null hypothesis. Most analyzed elements had high values of median and mean in sediments of Lake Nubia rather than Lake Nasser and their normalization gave the same results of calculated environment factors. Subsequently, Lake Nubia sediments possessed high combined EF levels ofTh, Sc, Sn, Ag, Zr, Hf, Ta, Sr, U, Ti, V, Cr, and Mn, causing significant contamination, which was great potentially related to industrial, agricultural, urbanization and mining activities. Whereas, combined EF of Se, Cu, Ga, Pb, Ba, Rb, and Tl, which are highly elevated in southern Lake Nasser sediments owing to their source are great possibly derived from Lake Nubia and geogenic activities. With decreasing distance towards the High Dam body, the contaminant elements were diminished due to reduction in the environmental factors and Sudanese pollution sources leading to the northern Lake Nasser considered to be less contaminated. Overall, the present study is an environmental alert for contaminated sediments that carried contaminants and considered the secondary source of pollution impact on ecosystem, and subsequently, their environmental risk on Human health.     

Mesh grading approach for wave propagation in high velocity-contrast media

A mesh grading approach based on investigated lump method has been presented for simulating wave propagation in high velocity-contrast media. Unstructured fine grids are used to discretize the low wave-velocity medium in order to ensure the accuracy of numerical computation, and unstructured coarse grids are used for the high wave-velocity medium in order to substantially reduce the computational cost. On the interface, one coarse grid can match the fine grids of arbitrary odd number. The key feature of the proposed method is the constructions of investigated lumps on the interfaces of media. The transition zone, which is commonly used in the discontinuous grid scheme based on the staggered-grid finite-difference method, will not be used any more. Moreover, the computational instability that the discontinuous grid schemes frequently encountered does not arise in the proposed method. The comparisons with the analytical solutions and the application in studying the effects of sedimentary basin demonstrated that the mesh grading approach is a valid, accurate, convenient and flexible algorithm in simulating wave propagations in high velocity-contrast media with irregular interfaces.     

局部倾角约束最小二乘偏移方法研究

随着石油勘探难度的进一步加大,地震数据往往存在采样不规则、地震道缺失等现象,如果不对其进行处理,会对后续的地震成像产生影响,引入成像噪音.针对这一问题,一般是通过地震道插值或数据规则化对叠前数据进行处理,然后采用常规的偏移方法进行成像,本文则是将地震成像看作最小二乘反演问题,在共成像点道集引入平滑算子,在共偏移距/角度道集引入平面波构造算子(PWC)进行约束,通过预条件共轭梯度法使得反偏移后数据与输入数据之间的误差达到最小,最终得到信噪比更高、振幅属性更为可靠的成像结果.理论模型和实际资料处理表明,本文方法不仅可以有效压制数据不规则对成像产生的噪音,而且具有更高的成像精度.     

碳酸盐岩裂缝型储层最小二乘偏移成像方法研究

碳酸盐岩裂缝型储层是海相油气储层以及西部探区的重要储层类型之一,多表现为缝洞储集体形态,埋藏深度大,地震反射波信号复杂,波场特征分析困难,因而对其进行高分辨成像具有一定的难度.本文推导并实现了基于最小二乘理论的偏移成像(LSM)方法,并将LSM用于西部探区碳酸盐岩裂缝型储层等效地震地质模型的偏移成像工作,成像结果表明:在理论上,LSM方法能够较好地分辨出埋藏深度在3000 m以下的中深部20 m尺度碳酸盐岩裂缝型储层,在西部碳酸盐岩裂缝型储集体地震勘探中,具有较好的适应性.     

Improving georeferencing accuracy of Very High Resolution satellite imagery using freely available ancillary data at global coverage

ABSTRACT

While impressive direct geolocation accuracies better than 5.0?m CE90 (90% of circular error) can be achieved from the last DigitalGlobe’s Very High Resolution (VHR) satellites (i.e. GeoEye-1 and WorldView-1/2/3/4), it is insufficient for many precise geodetic applications. For these sensors, the best horizontal geopositioning accuracies (around 0.55?m CE90) can be attained by using third-order 3D rational functions with vendor’s rational polynomial coefficients data refined by a zero-order polynomial adjustment obtained from a small number of very accurate ground control points (GCPs). However, these high-quality GCPs are not always available. In this work, two different approaches for improving the initial direct geolocation accuracy of VHR satellite imagery are proposed. Both of them are based on the extraction of three-dimensional GCPs from freely available ancillary data at global coverage such as multi-temporal information of Google Earth and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 30?m digital elevation model. The application of these approaches on WorldView-2 and GeoEye-1 stereo pairs over two different study sites proved to improve the horizontal direct geolocation accuracy values around of 75%.     

Analyzing fine-scale wetland composition using high resolution imagery and texture features

In order to monitor natural and anthropogenic disturbance effects to wetland ecosystems, it is necessary to employ both accurate and rapid mapping of wet graminoid/sedge communities. Thus, it is desirable to utilize automated classification algorithms so that the monitoring can be done regularly and in an efficient manner. This study developed a classification and accuracy assessment method for wetland mapping of at-risk plant communities in marl prairie and marsh areas of the Everglades National Park. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers were tested using 30.5 cm aerial imagery, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), first and second order texture features and ancillary data. Additionally, appropriate window sizes for different texture features were estimated using semivariogram analysis. Findings show that the addition of NDVI and texture features increased classification accuracy from 66.2% using the ML classifier (spectral bands only) to 83.71% using the SVM classifier (spectral bands, NDVI and first order texture features).     

油气输导体系研究现状及存在问题的探讨

油气输导体系是油气成藏体系的必要元素,也是油气运移研究的薄弱环节。人们对于这一概念的阐述各不相同,绝大多数学者将其划分为高孔渗砂体、断层及裂缝、不整合面以及它们两两或全部的复合输导体系四种类型,目前对输导体系的研究也集中在这四种类型上。对高孔渗砂体的研究主要集中在孔隙结构、渗透率和优势运移通道上;对断层的研究主要集中在断层泥、非渗透性物质、两盘特征、断层面应力及断层活动性上;对不整合面的研究主要集中在其产状、性质、类型及岩性组合等方面。输导体系的类型划分应当以渗透率非均质性为依据,同时充分考虑烃源岩。从盆地沉积演化的角度出发研究各类输导体系的分布,也是油气运移研究领域中的薄弱环节。     

超基性岩红土风化壳中镍的表生富集规律及矿化结构研究 ——以印尼苏拉威西岛Kolonodale矿区为例

文章选取印尼苏拉威西岛Kolonodale红土型镍矿区为研究区,对201个浅井剖面共采取3 161件风化壳样品,进行了w(Ni)值的测试,以揭示超基性岩红土风化壳中Ni的表生富集规律及矿化结构特征。研究结果表明,在平面上,矿区内风化壳的w(Ni)平均值的高低与地形地貌关系密切。斜坡带、坡脚堆积带的风化壳为含镍高值区,其w(Ni)值为0.8%~1.8%;山顶平台区、山脊的风化壳为含镍低值区,其w(Ni)值为0.7%~1.4%。在垂向上,风化产物的w(Ni)值的高低与取样深度及样品属性密切相关。w(Ni)值随着红土带→腐岩带→基岩带的变化出现低值(0.85%~1.55%)→高值(1.15%~4.75%)→低值(≤0.55%)的波动变化规律。矿层的产状(分布、深度、厚度)与风化壳产状之间表现出明显的正相关关系。矿区内的低品位矿层〔1.5%≤w(Ni)≤2.0%〕和高品位矿层〔w(Ni)≥2.0%〕单独或组合发育,产出"正常型双层矿化"、"倒置型双层矿化"、"低品位单层矿化"、"高品位单层矿化"和"叠层矿化"等5种矿化结构类型。综合分析认为,富镁及中等程度蛇纹石化的超基性岩母岩、热带雨林气候环境是矿区内发育富镍红土风化壳的首要条件。吸附、离子交换以及次生沉淀等3种成矿作用的共同发育,导致了红土风化壳中Ni表生矿化的连续性、矿石类型的多样性及特高品位矿石的形成。矿床中矿化结构类型的多样化是区域构造背景、地形地貌、构造发育、水文条件等诸多因素耦合作用的结果。文章指出,在今后的红土型镍矿床的找矿勘查过程中,需要综合考虑各类内、外生控矿因素对矿床发育的影响,总结矿区尺度的矿化结构规律,可有效地指导矿床勘查工作。     

高喜马拉雅中段基性捕虏体的变质作用及其构造意义

西藏南部聂拉木—樟木剖面出露的高喜马拉雅变质带主要由副变质片麻岩和花岗质片麻岩组成,其次为伟晶岩和淡色花岗侵入体,区域变质程度为角闪岩相。我们对其中的变质基性捕虏体进行详细的变质作用研究,内容包括变质矿物组合,矿物变质反应结构和变质作用的温度—压力条件分析。基性捕虏体中的石榴子石角闪片麻岩和斜长角闪片麻岩均保存了两期变质矿物组合。温度与压力计算结果表明,石榴子石角闪片麻岩早期变质阶段(M1)温度约为829 ℃,压力为7.3 kbar; 晚期(M2)变质温度为625 ℃,压力为4.3 kbar。斜长角闪片麻岩所经历的早期变质阶段(M1)温度约为776 ℃、压力约为10.6 kbar; 晚期(M2)变质温度超过692 ℃,压力为7.4 kbar。石榴子石角闪片麻岩和斜长角闪片麻岩捕虏体均记录了典型的顺时针P-T轨迹,表明高喜马拉雅变质带曾向北俯冲到下地壳深度,之后被抬升到地表剥蚀出露。变质基性捕虏体的研究说明高喜马拉雅结晶岩系经历过较高温度—压力的变质作用,支持了其沿着藏南拆离系和主中央逆冲断裂系向南挤出的大地构造模型。     

枪马金矿金品位统计分布特征及其地质意义

地质变量的变化与地质体的特征密切相关,通过地质变量的研究可以揭示地质体某一特征的规律性。多次地质事件的数理统计特征表现为多个总体叠加的混合分布,因此通过研究混合分布和单一分布的特征,对矿床的矿化成因、矿化过程和矿化特征认识有指导意义。研究发现,枪马金矿的金品位主要由2个对数正态分布总体叠加而成,并对应于本区2次主要的成矿事件。对金的特征参数垂直空间上的研究表明,金矿化强度向深部逐渐增高,深部找矿远景很大。