Tropical high Andes lakes: A limnological survey and an assessment of exotic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Tropical high Andes lakes are aquatic ecosystems with peculiar limnological characteristics that are related to their geographical location and high altitude, yet they remained understudied. We present the results of a standardized survey of morphometric, physico-chemical and biotic variables in 32 high altitude lakes of the Cordillera del Tunari (Eastern Andes of Bolivia). Based on the variables measured, we identified three lake types. One group of lakes differed from the other lakes by a relatively high pH and biological productivity (as evidenced from higher densities of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish). A second group of lakes consisted of relatively large and deep water bodies with neutral to slightly acid pH and with a relatively high occurrence of the large cladoceran Daphnia pulex. The third group contained relatively small, shallow, and acid lakes with no Daphnia. Rainbow trout occurred in more than half of the lakes and catch yields were very variable. Overall, the abundances of different organism groups tended to be positively associated (e.g. phytoplankton, copepods, rotifers, fish) indicating the existence of a major productivity gradient. We found no negative associations between trout catches and densities of any of the major zooplankton groups, suggesting moderate to low top-down effects of trout on the zooplankton communities.     

Physical splitting of nonlinear effects in high-velocity stable flow through porous media

For a high-velocity stable flow through a periodic corrugated channel representing an element of porous medium, we suggest splitting the overall nonlinear macroscopic effects into two kinds of different physical origin: a pure inertia effect produced by the convective term of Navier–Stokes equations and an inertia–viscous cross effect representing a variation of the viscous dissipation due to a streamline deformation by inertia forces. We will show that the inertia–viscous cross effects may be revealed by simulating a periodic flow, whilst the pure inertia effects are produced by the microscale flow nonperiodicity. We will reveal the individual flow law for each nonlinear component and analyze the relative role of both components numerically by using the finite element method applied to the Navier–Stokes equations. Both the pure inertia and the inertia–viscous cross effects are revealed to be exponential prior to quadratic or cubic ones. The influence of the dead volume is analyzed. The inertia–viscous cross phenomena are shown to be negligible when the flow structure is clearly nonperiodic.     

绿泥石片岩和斜长角闪岩在高温高压下的物理力学性质及其应用

在高温高压下绿泥石片岩和斜长角闪岩中含水矿物的脱水作用可以引起岩石物理力学性质的异常变化。在半封闭条件下，含水矿物的脱水温度有随压力增加而降低的趋势。脱水作用可能是华北地区壳内低速高导层（体）的形成原因之一。这一低速高导层（体）同时也是低强度的软弱层（体），有利于地震在其上覆脆性岩层中的孕育与发生     

短偏移瞬变电磁探测系统研究

短偏移距瞬变电磁法是近年来发展出的新方法,具有信号强、带宽大的特点,现有国际主流装备是面向传统大收发距模式设计开发的窄带系统,研发小收发距模式下的大电流宽带系统,对于推广应用新方法具有重要意义.为此,本文提出大电流快关断发射、低噪声宽频带接收设计方案,攻克超高压恒压钳位技术,自适应可变阻尼技术等核心技术.在同等条件下有效发射功率提升约2.5倍,关断时间压缩近4倍;系统时域噪声水平0.1 nT/s,工作带宽25 kHz.装备系统在增大发射电流和降低噪声的同时,拓展了系统带宽,实现了装备系统与新方法的强匹配.新装备的研发将为我国3000 m以浅矿产资源精细探测做出贡献.

     

亚稳态橄榄石相变与深源地震研究进展

由于岩石圈俯冲板块内部温度低, 在400km左右的深度橄榄石不发生相变, 低压相的橄榄石便以亚稳态的形式进入更深的深度。 高温高压实验研究表明, 亚稳态橄榄石相变机制以相变形成的超塑性透镜状尖晶石反裂纹破裂为深源地震的触发机制, 能很好的解释深源地震的特征。 亚稳态橄榄石在俯冲带中存在的范围,是制约亚稳态相变机制的重要因素。 然而亚稳态橄榄石在俯冲带存在的范围尚存争议, 不同模型给出结果相差较大, 文中给出一些解决这个问题的建议。     

晋冀蒙与京津冀地区高空间分辨率岩石圈磁场地震地质特征初步研究

应用高精度、高密度地面磁测资料，计算获取研究区域F要素高空间分辨率岩石圈磁场数值模型，主要研究模型空间分布特征、与地震地质构造的相关性、历史地震震中在模型中的分布规律与位置特征。研究发现，研究区模型空间结构复杂，局部异常特征表现强烈，总体具有与地形、地层关系密切的分区特征；强磁异常区走向与断裂构造体系总体一致；5级以上历史地震多发生于模型低幅值区、负值区、“0”值线、高梯级带等特殊位置。     

Dynamic Response of Shallow-Buried Tunnels Traversing High Loess Slopes

Considering the existence of numerous shallow-buried tunnels traversing high slopes in the loess area in western China and the fact of high seismic intensity there, we investigate the dynamic response rules of a shallow-buried loess tunnel and its slope under the action of seismic waves with different intensities. Through large-scale shaking table model tests,we successfully analyze the characteristics and process of the destabilization of tunnels and slopes, and propose valuable suggestions regarding the reinforcement parts of a tunnel for reducing seismic damage. The results show that the main seismic damage on a slope include the failure of the sliding surface between the top and foot and the stripping of the soil around the tunnel entrance, while the damage on a tunnel is mainly manifested as the seismic-induced subsidence at the portal section and the cracking deformation at the joint areas. Finally,we propose that the "staggered peak distribution" phenomenon of the maximum acceleration values at the vault and inverted arch area can be considered as a criterion indicating that the tunnel enters into the threshold of dynamic failure.     

高频GPS形变波与地震波在日本MW9.0地震中的对比研究

高频GPS动态监测可快速准实时解算地表位移,其在地震参数快速确定、地壳形变短期变化过程、震源破裂过程和震级标度研究等方面成为传统地震学的补充。针对浙江省内的1Hz的GPS数据,本文采用GAMIT的TRACK模块,获得了日本2011年3月11日M_W9.0地震的位移时间序列,并将其与浙江省地震台网并址观测的地震计获得的位移信号进行对比。结果显示,高频GPS与地震计获得的峰值地动位移之间差异在GPS的观测误差范围内。相对于原始波形,两者在0.005～0.1Hz频段上的水平方向相关系数提高了50%以上,高程方向相关系数提高了2倍以上。研究表明,高频GPS与宽频带地震计的观测结果在时序和频谱上有相互重合的区域,GPS和地震仪可以共同覆盖地震地表位移的全部可能范围。     

空地磁残差计算在平原厚覆盖区找矿应用

磁法是寻找隐伏磁铁矿最有效的地球物理方法,但是厚覆盖层下方铁矿体产生的磁异常较弱,有必要综合空地磁场数据突出铁矿弱异常信息.为有效利用已有的空地磁场数据及在山东齐河平原厚覆盖区实现深部找矿新突破,本文介绍了区域磁场及深部铁矿磁场特征,以不同高度磁场变化规律为依据,设计理论模型获取了不同高度正演磁场,通过计算空地磁残差,突出深部铁矿引起的弱异常.为了验证方法的实际效果,利用近年在该地区实测航空及地面磁场数据计算磁残差,结合推断的地质构造,分析找矿有利部位,确定钻探验证位置.     

高密度极尖区的形成原因

极尖区是太阳风进入磁层的一个重要窗口,极尖区密度是反映这一物理过程的重要参量,通常情况下极尖区密度约为1~10 cm^-3,但有时卫星会观测到密度大于40 cm^-3的极尖区,本文称之为高密度极尖区.我们分析了Cluster卫星2001—2009年的观测数据,在470个极尖区穿越中找到28个高密度极尖区穿越事件并进行了统计研究,分析了高密度极尖区事件的形成原因,进而讨论了太阳风高效地进入极尖区的外部条件.结果表明：距正午的距离（|MLT-12|）较小,太阳风的密度高,低纬有磁层顶磁重联发生以及正偶极倾角都是观测到高密度极尖区事件的有利条件,并且当同时满足上述4个条件时,高密度极尖区事件发生率为100%;而低纬磁层顶磁重联以及大的正偶极倾角被认为是太阳风高效地进入极尖区的重要条件.这些研究结果有助于我们更进一步地理解太阳风进入极尖区的物理机制.