Combining rate-controlled porosimetry and NMR to probe full-range pore throat structures and their evolution features in tight sands: A case study in the Songliao Basin,China

To better understand reservoir quality and to produce accurate petrophysical interpretations, it is necessary to understand complex and heterogeneous pore throat structures in tight sands and to develop a technique to reveal the full range of pore and throat distributions. In this study, in order to characterize the features and evolutions of pore throat structures, nine samples from the Lower Cretaceous tight gas sandstone in the Songliao Basin of China are measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), rate-controlled porosimetry (RCP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Throats with bifractal structures are found in these tight sands and can be divided into a backbone formation (BF) region and a percolation region using RCP data. Because (i) throats in the percolation region record treelike pore structures and are predominant in small pore spaces and (ii) a good correlation exists between NMR-derived T₂ relaxation times and the RCP-derived radius of throats, the throat distribution obtained via RCP can be used to calibrate the NMR PSD and then to partition the PSD into distributions of pore bodies and throats. These data indicate that (i) throats are more common than pore bodies in pore spaces of tight sands with lower permeability, (ii) pore bodies are connected to throats from both the BF and percolation regions, in which the fluid mobility in pore bodies is mainly controlled by the pore to throat ratio (PTR), which is related to the intersection throat of these two regions, and (iii) compaction, dissolution, clay cementation and sediment properties (e.g., rock compositions) have different impacts on the evolutions of pore bodies and throats, in which larger PTR values in tight sands are mainly produced by compaction and pore-bridging clay cementation, and lower contents of pore bodies are commonly related to abundant plastic compositions and pore-bridging clay cementation.     

俯冲板片中微量元素的活动性:西天山榴辉岩相运输脉的制约

西天山的基性高压变质岩显示互相连接的榴辉岩相脉体网络来源于蓝片岩的进变质脱水作用,通过这些网脉可以洞察在俯冲带高压条件下远程流体流动中的流体-岩石相互作用和元素负载。岩相学证据表明外来流体的渗透作用产生运输脉,而流体持续的沟道式流动导致主岩蓝片岩的淋滤。脉和蓝片岩蚀变带中锂(Li)的含量几乎是蓝片岩主岩中锂的两倍,它支持流体是外部来源的设想。这些流体触发了蓝片岩主岩的榴辉岩化作用而形成蓝片岩蚀变带。由于成脉流体中的微量元素含量低,所以导致与流体发生化学反应的主岩中所有微量元素的强烈淋滤。在此过程中有53%~81%的微量元素被活化,与大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素的损失相符合,它们的损失量几乎是重稀土元素和高场强元素损失量的两倍。     

Formation and composition of cemented layers in low-sulphide mine tailings, Laver, northern Sweden

Cemented layers (hardpans) are common in carbonate or sulphide-rich mine tailings and where pyrrhotite is the predominating Fe-sulphide. Laver, northern Sweden, is an abandoned Cu-mine where the tailings have low pyrrhotite content, almost no pyrite and no carbonates. Two cemented layers at different locations in the Laver tailings impoundment were investigated, with the aim to determine their effects on metal mobility. The cementing agents were mainly jarosite and Fe-oxyhydroxides in the layer formed where the tailings have a barren surface, whereas only Fe-oxyhydroxides were identified below grass-covered tailings surface. Arsenic was enriched in both layers which also exhibit high concentrations of Mo, V, Hg and Pb compared to unoxidised tailings. Sequential extraction indicates that these metals and As were mainly retained with crystalline Fe-oxides, and therefore potentially will be remobilised if the oxic conditions become more reducing, for instance as a result of remediation of the tailings impoundment.An erratum to this article can be found at     

Effects of volcanic eruptions on the CO2 content of the atmosphere and the oceans: the 1996 eruption and flood within the Vatnajökull Glacier, Iceland

The October 1996 eruption within the Vatnajökull Glacier, Iceland, provides a unique opportunity to study the net effect of volcanic eruptions on atmospheric and oceanic CO₂. Volatile elements dissolved in the meltwater that enclosed the eruption site were eventually discharged into the ocean in a dramatic flood 35 days after the beginning of the eruption, enabling measurement of 50 dissolved element fluxes. The minimum concentration of exsolved CO₂ in the 1×10¹² kg of erupted magma was 516 mg/kg, S was 98 mg/kg, Cl was 14 mg/kg, and F was 2 mg/kg. The pH of the meltwater at the eruption site ranged from about 3 to 8. Volatile and dissolved element release to the meltwater in less than 35 days amounted to more than one million tonnes, equal to 0.1% of the mass of erupted magma. The total dissolved solid concentration in the floodwater was close to 500 mg/kg, pH ranged from 6.88 to 7.95, and suspended solid concentration ranged from 1% to 10%. According to H, O, C and S isotopes, most of the water was meteoric whereas the C and S were of magmatic origin. Both C and S went through isotopic fractionation due to precipitation at the eruption site, creating “short cuts” in their global cycles. The dissolved fluxes of C, Ca, Na, Si, S and Mg were greatest ranging from 1.4×10¹⁰ to 1.4×10⁹ mol. The dissolved C flux equaled 0.6 million tonnes of CO₂. The heavy metals Ni, Mn, Cu, Pb and Zn were relatively mobile during condensation and water–rock interactions at the eruption site. About half of the measured total carbon flood flux from the 1996 Vatnajökull eruption will be added to the long-term CO₂ budget of the oceans and the atmosphere. The other half will eventually precipitate with the Ca and Mg released. Thus, for eruptions on the ocean floor, one can expect a net long-term C release to the ocean of less than half that of the exsolved gas. This is a considerably higher net C release than suggested for the oceanic crust by Staudigel et al. [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53 (1989) 3091]. In fact, they suggested a net loss of C. Therefore, magma degassed at the ocean floor contributes more C to the oceans and the atmosphere than magma degassed deep in the oceanic crust. The results of this study show that subglacial eruptions affecting the surface layer of the ocean where either Mn, Fe, Si or Cu are rate-determining for the growth of oceanic biomass have a potential for a transient net CO₂ removal from the ocean and the atmosphere. For eruptions at high latitudes, timing is crucial for the effect of oceanic biota. Eruptions occurring in the wintertime when light is rate-determining for the growth of biota have much less potential for bringing about a transient net negative CO₂ flux from the ocean atmosphere reservoir.     

德兴矿区土壤中铜的地球化学形态及影响因素

土壤中铜的地球化学形态决定了其在环境中的释放、变化形式、迁移规律及生物效应。通过对德兴铜矿及周边地区82件表层土壤样品,采用改进的BCR提取方法测定铜的地球化学形态,了解其区域分布特征,结果表明:(1)德兴地区土壤中酸可溶态的铜≈可还原态铜<可氧化态铜≈残渣态铜,酸可溶态 可氧化态 可还原态的铜平均质量分数为45.07×10-6,较中国土壤背景值全铜的质量分数(22.6×10-6)高,这些活动态的铜易于进入食物链,对人体健康和生态安全构成潜在的威胁,不同形态铜的区域分布特征相似,主要位于采矿和选矿活动区附近;(2)采用改进的BCR方法提取的土壤中铜的酸可溶态和可氧化态和采用EDTA提取的可交换态具有明显的正相关关系,土壤pH值增大时酸可溶态铜的比例降低,土壤TOC含量增加时可氧化态铜的比例增大,而土壤CEC对BCR方法提取铜的形态影响不大。     

壳聚糖包覆纳米铁镍双金属的迁移性能及其降解地下水中三氯乙烯的研究

地下水中三氯乙烯(TCE)严重威胁公众健康和环境安全,纳米零价铁原位注射技术可以还原降解TCE,但是应用中,纳米零价铁存在易氧化团聚而失活、迁移性差等问题。为此,利用天然高分子壳聚糖作包覆剂增强分散性和稳定性,镍作催化剂增强反应活性,成功制备获得壳聚糖包覆纳米铁镍双金属颗粒(CS Fe Ni)。沉降光谱实验表明包覆壳聚糖后纳米铁的分散稳定性得到增强,Zeta电位测试进一步证实颗粒表面负电荷增加,提高了静电排斥力,使得CS Fe Ni分散稳定性明显改善。柱迁移实验表明改性后的CS Fe Ni迁移能力得到提高。批实验表明CS Fe Ni能够高效降解TCE并能完全脱氯,研究结果为纳米铁原位注射技术的实际应用提供了理论基础和实验参考。     

离子迁移谱现场观测渤海和北黄海二甲基硫的研究

渤海、黄海是高产二甲基硫(Dimethyl Sulfide,DMS)的大陆架海区.该海区DMS的现场调查研究有助于准确评估海洋DMS释放量及其对全球气候变化的负反馈作用.目前,无论是基于模型还是直接测量法的通量估算均以表层海水或低层大气DMS浓度为基础,因此,先进的检测技术对其通量估算的准确度具有决定性作用.气相色谱法...