居民跨界行为的边界研究：以珠澳边界意义重构为例

研究探讨了边界的物理形态及其空间意义,并讨论由跨界行为催生的地方感与地方意象及其对边界空间意义的重构。以珠澳边界（拱北口岸）为案例地,本文主要采用追踪和访谈的研究方法,研究发现：跨越珠澳边界的行为（尤其是由珠海往澳门方向的跨界行为）以个人消费为主,主要包括购物、娱乐和餐饮等,而与之联结的消费地点也大同小异,但也存在不同时代和社会阶层因素对于跨界活动目的的影响,且流动性往往与特定的地方联结,使原有的固定行政边界及其所规定的空间管制逐渐被打破。出于满足生活的需求、社会互动的情感联系,抑或是出于追求地方价值的体验和情感表达,跨界主体成为塑造边界两边地理想象的重要因素,地理想象与现实生活空间的差异形成了想象的边界并间接地作用于珠澳边界空间意义的重构。     

迁居意愿、地方依赖和社区认同——北京中关村地区居住选择调查分析

迁居行为及其意愿反映了城市居民对美好生活的向往,揭示了城市居住环境是否能够满足居民的需要。论文从迁居意愿的视角,将地方依赖和社区认同引入迁居研究中,并采用问卷调查和访谈相结合的方法来分析城市居民的居住选择。运用Williams量表,在292份调查问卷和52份深度访谈的基础上,对北京中关村地区展开了调查研究。结果表明：中关村周边社区居民对就业和子女教育具有明显的地方依赖和较高的社区认同感。在292名被调查者中,共有115名居民有迁居意愿,占被调查者总数的39.4%。其中,在就业和子女教育地方依赖程度较低的调查人群中,这一比例分别上升至47.2%和54.2%。此外,有迁居意愿的居民大多社区认同感不高,在115名有迁居意愿的居民中,仅有4人对所在社区具有强烈认同感。论文从地方感的角度丰富了居住空间的研究内容,为理解当代城市居住空间的特点、提升城市空间建设质量提供了参考依据。     

个体-家庭地方认同迭代的生命历程空间叙事

在现代性构建和人的城镇化社会进程推动下,地方认同在发生转换和迭代的变化。与静态视角下地方认同的断面研究不同,论文基于生命历程和家的流动性的动态研究视角,以具有70 a时间跨度的个体-家庭为研究主体,对其地方认同随时空迁移的变化和社会意义进行了生活史式的跟踪解读。研究发现：在城乡迁移过程中,随着时空的转移和生活经历的层累,个体-家庭的地方认同发生了转换、迭代的动态变化。① 这一动态变化与家的流动紧密联系在一起,流动中个体与家庭成员在不同生活区域的地方性产生了地方阻力与地方推力,二者综合作用的结果使得地方认同发生了迭代变化;② 社会环境与社会场景、家庭角色、文化适应与个体行为调整是人的城镇化过程中地方认同迭代的重要影响因素;③ 家庭类型变化和代际差异会影响到地方认同迭代发生的幅度。     

天气因素对武汉市出租车出行活动的影响

天气状况作为人们生活环境的组成要素之一,对居民日常出行可产生显著的影响,具体可表征为特定空间位置和用地类型范围内出行活动的需求量以及道路交通路线选择的变化。高效、智能化的交通应急管理和城市规划建设亟需理解天气因素影响交通出行时空分布的基本规律。本文选取武汉市作为典型研究区域,基于出租车、气象和空气质量等数据,对不同天气下的居民出行模式和司机路径选择模式进行时空分析,并解释2类模式产生变化的原因和机制。结果表明：① 从时间上看,工作日的出租车需求量更容易受到天气变化的影响,其中降雨、气温的升高和风速的增强会显著降低居民对出租车的需求;② 从全市域空间尺度上看,降雨使得居民对出租车的需求量在工作日时段减少,而在周末时段增加,其中降雨主要刺激短距离出租车出行需求而抑制中长距离出行需求;③ 从城郊区空间尺度上看,雨天时段主城区内部的中距离流量减少,郊区内部的短距离流量增加,往返于主城区和郊区的中长距离流量在工作日减少、在周末增加;④ 从功能区空间尺度上看,下雨使得行政办公用地的出租车需求量减少,商业金融用地的出租车需求量在工作日减少、在周末增加,工业用地的出租车需求量在工作日增加、在周末减少;⑤ 从行驶路径上看,出租车司机在晴天时偏好根据距离来判断最佳路线,而在雨天倾向于改变原先路线选择策略,将距离和车速共同作为最佳路线的指标,选择用时最少的最佳路线。本文研究成果可帮助城市和交通管理部门更加深入地理解城市居民出行规律及其时空分布特征。     

A simple and direct method to analyse the influences of sampling fractions on modelling intra-city human mobility

Sampling fraction is crucial to sampling-related studies and applications, especially in the big data era when most data are neither originally designed nor controllable in the data collection process. A common concern among researchers is ‘what’s the modelling accuracy when using a sample?’. Taking intra-city human mobility as the study objective, this study utilizes a simple and direct method to analyse the influences of various sampling fractions on modelling accuracy. Five common intra-city human mobility indicators (travel distance, travel time, travel frequency, radius of gyration and movement entropy) are evaluated considering mean value, median and probability distribution. Experimental results demonstrate that the representativeness of each considered indicator converges to 1 in its own unique rate and variances. The minimum required sampling fractions to satisfy specific accuracies differ for various indicators and evaluation measures. To further investigate how related factors influence the modelling accuracy of sampling fractions, additional experiments are conducted considering multiple sampling methods, study scopes, and data sources. Several interesting general findings are observed. This study provides a reference for other sampling-based applications.     

Exploring the uncertainty of activity zone detection using digital footprints with multi-scaled DBSCAN

ABSTRACT

The density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) method is often used to identify individual activity clusters (i.e., zones) using digital footprints captured from social networks. However, DBSCAN is sensitive to the two parameters, eps and minpts. This paper introduces an improved density-based clustering algorithm, Multi-Scaled DBSCAN (M-DBSCAN), to mitigate the detection uncertainty of clusters produced by DBSCAN at different scales of density and cluster size. M-DBSCAN iteratively calibrates suitable local eps and minpts values instead of using one global parameter setting as DBSCAN for detecting clusters of varying densities, and proves to be effective for detecting potential activity zones. Besides, M-DBSCAN can significantly reduce the noise ratio by identifying all points capturing the activities performed in each zone. Using the historic geo-tagged tweets of users in Washington, D.C. and in Madison, Wisconsin, the results reveal that: 1) M-DBSCAN can capture dispersed clusters with low density of points, and therefore detecting more activity zones for each user; 2) A value of 40 m or higher should be used for eps to reduce the possibility of collapsing distinctive activity zones; and 3) A value between 200 and 300 m is recommended for eps while using DBSCAN for detecting activity zones.     

Experimental study on the soil thrust of underwater tracked vehicles moving on the clay seafloor

As the soil traction of the track system consisting of a track plate and protruded grousers is generally higher than that of a comparable wheel system, underwater tracked vehicles are the favored platforms for heavy-weight remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). When an underwater tracked vehicle moves on the seafloor, the track system laterally transmits an engine torque to the soil-track interface, resulting in slip displacement and an associated soil thrust acting as a traction force. Therefore, to evaluate the mobility of underwater tracked vehicle, it is critical to evaluate the soil thrust of the track system based on the soil-track interaction. Unlike the soil thrust of sandy soils, a reliable soil thrust assessment method accounting for the failure mechanism of clayey soil has yet to be developed in spite of its significance. An experimental study on the mechanism of the soil thrust of clayey soil was thus performed. Model track experiments were conducted on a model track system with clayey soil. Based on the experiment results, the mechanism of the soil thrust of clayey soil was investigated and was compared with the mechanism of soil thrust derived from the previous soil thrust assessment methods using sandy soil. Particular attention was given to the development of a new soil thrust prediction model for the track system on clayey soil using the limit equilibrium analysis technique.     

鄂尔多斯盆地长7段泥页岩层系含油气性与页岩油可动性评价——以H317井为例

以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7段泥页岩层系为研究对象,基于大量实际地质样品统计,建立其生、排油模式,并认为长7段页岩油的可动门限(排烃门限)在70 mg/gTOC,并以此为基础建立了适用于鄂尔多斯盆地长7段泥页岩层系页岩油含油性和可动性评价模板。评价模板中将该区页岩油划分为有效资源、潜在资源和无效资源三大类。以H317井实际地质应用实例,使用评价模板对其不同岩性进行了系统分类。H317井长7段泥页岩层系中非源岩夹层段及部分块状泥岩等可作为页岩油勘探开发的有效资源和有利目标,黑色页岩虽然含油性较好,但流体组份偏重,流动性差,针对这类资源可采用原位加热改质后开采等工程技术手段,因此可作为页岩油勘探开发的潜在资源。     

乡村优先发展背景下城乡要素流动与优化配置

随着乡村振兴战略的深入实施,中国乡村进入优先发展的关键阶段。科学认知乡村优先发展导向下的城乡要素配置规律与保障途径,对于落实农业农村优先发展具有重要参考意义。立足人地关系地域系统理论及“要素-结构-功能”的发展逻辑,解析乡村优先发展导向下城乡关系与要素优先保障的科学内涵,梳理中国城乡关系与要素流动的演变特征,进而从要素整合、空间融合和机制协同3个层面构建乡村要素优先保障的调控框架。结果表明：乡村优先发展是立足乡村要素、优化乡村结构、实现乡村功能的演变过程;中国城乡关系经历了城市优先发展、城乡协调发展到城乡融合发展阶段,乡村要素配置总体上呈现可流动要素类型少、要素流出难、要素流入难、要素留下更难的“一少三难”状态;在当前阶段,亟需通过扩大乡村可流动要素类型、增强要素流动权能、补齐基础设施短板,以及疏解乡村流入城市的要素存量、扩大要素流入乡村的渠道和扩展城乡“灰色空间”等多种途径,以实现“乡村富余要素流得出、城市要素流得进、稀缺要素留得下”的乡村要素优先配置目标,确保农业农村优先发展。     

The geography of pastoral mobility: A spatio-temporal analysis of GPS data from Sahelian Senegal

The aim of this paper is to show the contribution of geography to the study of pastoral mobility. While pastoralists of Ferlo, Senegal, have become semi-sedentary, little is known about the mobility of their livestock. In this paper, pastoral mobility is analysed using GPS measurements of cattle movements made by a pastoralist from 1997 to 2000. Based on data from 3 years, a quantification of the extent of movements and mappings of the patterns are made. The results show that cattle walk about 5000 km on an annual basis, and while a great deal of the mobility can be characterised as daily circular movements between the camp and watering points, occasional transhumance is still used to make the most of variable resources.