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1.
A.F. Velegrakis M.I. VousdoukasA.M. Vagenas Th. KarambasK. Dimou Th. Zarkadas 《Coastal Engineering》2007
This short contribution reports the results of a field study on the nearshore characteristics of waves generated by both conventional and high speed passenger ferries. The field observations took place in the late summer of 2005, at a beach close to the port of Mytilene (Island of Lesbos, Greece), and involved the visual observation of ship waves, using digital video recordings and image processing techniques. The results showed that passage of the fast ferry was associated with a longer, more complex and energetic nearshore event; this event not only did include higher nearshore waves (up to 0.74 m) and was organised in different wave packets, but it was also an order of magnitude longer (∼ 680 s) than the conventional ferry event. Regarding the effects on beach sediment dynamics, the fast ferry waves were estimated to be very efficient in mobilising the nearshore sediments in contrast to those of the conventional ferry. The fast ferry service appears to generate daily prolonged nearshore events, which contain waves with higher energy than those expected from the normal summer wind wave regime of the area; these events also include some high and very steep waves, which can be particularly erosive. Therefore, fast ferry wakes may have considerable impacts on the seasonal beach sediment dynamics/morphodynamics and the nearshore benthic ecology, as well as they may pose significant risks to bathers, affecting the recreational use of the beaches exposed to fast ferry traffic. Finally, the study has shown that satisfactory field observations of the nearshore characteristics of ship-generated (and wind) waves can be obtained using inshore deployments of calibrated poles, digital video cameras and appropriate image processing algorithms. 相似文献
2.
3.
Evaluating the mobility of137Cs,239+240Pu and210Pb from their distributions in laminated lake sediments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Post-depositional mobility of137Cs,239+240Pu and210Pb was assessed in six small lake basins by comparing sedimentary nuclide profiles with their known fallout history. Laminae couplets, when present, were determined to be varves because the137Cs and239+240Pu 1963 fallout peaks are present in laminae couplets corresponding to years 1962–1964. There is no evidence of mobility of210Pb, because 1) mass accumulation rates based on210Pb agree with those based on137Cs and239+240Pu peak depths and with those based on varve counts, and 2)210Pb ages agree with varve ages. Significant mobility of137Cs is evident from the penetration of137Cs to depths 15–20 cm deeper than239+240Pu. Deep penetration of137Cs in spite of a sharp gradient below the peak is interpreted by a numerical model to suggest that137Cs is present in two distinct forms in these sediments, 67–82% as an immobile form and 18–33% reversibly adsorbed with a K
d
of approximately 5000. The profiles can be interpreted equally well assuming a small portionof the total137Cs was present as an extremely mobile phase (K
d
5000) in the months to years following peak fallout, slowly becoming more strongly adsorbed. High NH
4
+
concentrations in porewaters may enhance diffusion of the mobile form of137Cs, but not of the immobile form of137Cs that defines the sharp gradient. Mobility of137Cs is likely also enhanced by the low clay content and the high porosity of these sediments. Thus the first detection of137Cs in the sediments cannot automatically be assumed to correspond to a date of 1952 (initial testing of thermonuclear weapons), although the depth of the peak can be assumed to correspond to 1963 (the year of maximum fallout from testing of thermonuclear weapons).239+240Pu is a more reliable sediment chronometer than137Cs because it is significantly less mobile.This is the sixth of a series of papers to be published by this journal following the 20
th
anniversary of the first application of210Pb dating of lake sediments. Dr P.G. Appleby is guest editing this series. 相似文献
4.
Domy C. Adriano Hyo T. Chon Sally L. Brown Rosanna Ginocchio 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):45-46
Metals, including heavy metals and metalloids, are a common group of environmental contaminants. Their sources in the environment are geogenic or anthropogenic. The growing trend in global industrialization ensures that more metals could be dispersed even in pristine ecosystems. To fuel industrialization, more metal ore mines have to be discovered and explored. These explorations often result in landscape disturbance, soil degradation and environmental contamination by unwanted mining constituents. Mine tailings brought up to the ground surface often serve as the main source of contaminants when these pyrite-rich materials oxidize. The oxidation of mine tailings results in proton generation, coupled with the dissolution of metals and other cations Unwanted anionic constituents are also produced. The so-called "acid mine drainage" may affect the productivity of farmlands and stability of receiving streams and other bodies of water-acidifying the waters and enriching the ecosystem with metals, i.e., high total dissolved solids. The acidified overburden materials become inhospitable to plant and microbial life as they are typically low in organic matter content and infertile. This exposes the landscape to runoff and erosion. 相似文献
5.
A. Ankilov A. Baklanov M. Colhoun K. -H. Enderle J. Gras Yu. Julanov D. Kaller A. Lindner A. A. Lushnikov R. Mavliev F. McGovern T. C. O'Connor J. Podzimek O. Preining G. P. Reischl R. Rudolf G. J. Sem W. W. Szymanski A. E. Vrtala P. E. Wagner W. Winklmayr V. Zagaynov 《Atmospheric Research》2002,62(3-4)
During an international workshop at the Institute for Experimental Physics of the University of Vienna, Austria, which was coordinated within the Committee on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols (IAMAS-IUGG), 10 instruments for aerosol number concentration measurement were studied, covering a wide range of methods based on various different measuring principles. In order to investigate the detection limits of the instruments considered with respect to particle size, simultaneous number concentration measurements were performed for monodispersed aerosols with particle sizes ranging from 1.5 to 50 nm diameter and various compositions.The instruments considered show quite different response characteristics, apparently related to the different vapors used in the various counters to enlarge the particles to an optically detectable size. A strong dependence of the 50% cutoff diameter on the particle composition in correlation with the type of vapor used in the specific instrument was found. An enhanced detection efficiency for ultrafine hygroscopic sodium chloride aerosols was observed with water operated systems, an analogous trend was found for n-butanol operated systems with nonhygroscopic silver and tungsten oxide particles. 相似文献
6.
Under seismic excitation, liquefied clean medium to dense cohesionless soils may regain a high level of shear resistance at large shear strain excursions. This pattern of response, known as a form of cyclic mobility, has been documented by a large body of laboratory sample tests and centrifuge experiments. A plasticity-based constitutive model is developed with emphasis on simulating the cyclic mobility response mechanism and associated pattern of shear strain accumulation. This constitutive model is incorporated into a two-phase (solid–fluid), fully coupled finite element code. Calibration of the constitutive model is described, based on a unique set of laboratory triaxial tests (monotonic and cyclic) and dynamic centrifuge experiments. In this experimental series, Nevada sand at a relative density of about 40% is employed. The calibration effort focused on reproducing the salient characteristics of dynamic site response as dictated by the cyclic mobility mechanism. Finally, using the calibrated model, a numerical simulation is conducted to highlight the effect of excitation frequency content on post-liquefaction ground deformations. 相似文献
7.
层控夕卡岩型矿床成矿系统的元素活动性及质量迁移--以铜陵冬瓜山铜矿床为例 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
应用改善了的质量平衡方程研究冬瓜山层控夕卡岩型铜矿床成矿系统的元素活动性及质量迁移,结果表明:系统中Zr,Hf,Y和Nb为不活动元素,其余均为活动元素。主量元素中仅CaO为迁出组分,其质量迁移量为84%,其余均为带入组分,带入量最大的SiO2的质量迁移量高达2384%;稀土元素均为带入组分,其中,中稀土较轻稀土和重稀土的活动性更强;其它微量元素中,带入序列由强到弱为:Cr→Ta→Sn→Th,迁出序列由强至弱依次为:U→Sb→Ni—Sr→Ba→Bb→Co→W;成矿元素Cu和Ag为带入组分,其中Cu的带入量最大,质量迁移量高达1200%。本文还得出两点具普适性认识:①稀土元素较其它微量元素对体系条件的变化更为敏感,且往往表现出明显的规律性变化,能更好地示踪地质地球化学过程。②不同元素在不同体系中的行为特征差异极大,仅凭经验判定某一元素为不活动元素往往不可靠。因此,在开展质量平衡研究时,首先采用适当方法确认体系的不活动元素是一项不可或缺的前提工作。 相似文献
8.
R. Melamed R.C. Villas Bas G.O. Gonalves E.C. Paiva 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1997,58(2-3)
Mercury accumulation in the food chain, as a consequence of gold recovery in Brazil, has been an issue of concern. Reactions of Hg in the environment are quite complex, and can involve various Hg chemical species. Laboratory experiments were carried out on Hg0 solubility, Hg complexation and sorption on river sediments from a gold mining region in Brazil. The reactivity and the mobility of Hg species were considered. Results indicate that methyl mercury is more mobile than ionic mercury, and that the presence of humic acid enhances drastically the solubility of Hg0. The soluble complex formed has a relatively lower interaction at the sediment/water interface and is more prone to spread through the aquatic environment. 相似文献
9.
Hans-Eike Gbler 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1997,58(2-3)
Parts of the flood plains north of the Harz Mountains are contaminated with heavy metals, such as Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd derived from mining, which has been carried out in the Harz Mts. since the Middle Ages. It is important to know the mobility of the heavy metals in these overbank sediments in order to estimate the danger to the environment arising from this source. This paper deals with the effect of pH on heavy-metal mobility, using a constant-pH method. The investigations were carried out on an overbank sediment profile near Salzgitter Bad, north of the Harz Mts. The mobility of the heavy metals in the overbank sediment profile is described as a function of pH and depth. Besides the mobile heavy-metal fraction at a certain pH, the buffering capacity of the sediment at this pH must be taken into consideration. The different layers of the overbank sediment profile show distinct differences in buffering capacity and a natural pH harrier could be identified in the upper part of the profile. Therefore, to avoid increasing heavy-metal mobility the natural layering of the overbank sediment profile should not be disturbed. Two different kinds of desorption experiments at constant pH are also discussed, as well as the conversion of the heavy-metal species in the ore minerals into the species in the sediment. 相似文献
10.
A new numerical method to solve the system of equations describing two phase flow in a Hele-Shaw cell is presented. It combines
a mixed finite element method, the method of subtraction of the singularity and a front tracking grid in a single computational
strategy. This choice of discretization techniques is well motivated by the difficulties present in the system of equations
and the physics of the problem. The new method was tested against analytical solutions and also by solving the Saffman–Taylor
viscous fingering problem for finite and infinite mobility ratios. In both cases convergence under mesh refinement is achieved
for the fingers developed from an initial sinusoidal interface. Finger splitting is observed for low values of the surface
tension and high mobility ratio. Different explanations, based in our results, are provided for this phenomenon.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献