云南鹤庆县北衙金矿岩溶发育及富水特征

为确保云南北衙矿区的安全开采及岩溶水的合理开发利用,将区域水文地质调查和矿区地质勘探资料与生产实际进行对比分析,从岩性、构造、地貌等因素分析和总结矿区岩溶发育及富水特征。结果表明：岩性上,中三叠统北衙组二段细晶灰岩最纯,CaO含量为41.52%~54.77%,岩溶最发育,北衙组一段灰岩夹粉砂岩段限制了岩溶发育深度,侵蚀基准面以下岩溶发育深度大于150 m;岩溶发育主要受构造控制,岩溶发育方向与区内南北向、东西向及北西向构造线一致,且褶皱轴部、翘起端、断裂影响带、岩体接触带岩溶较发育;矿区岩溶水富水模式属于向斜汇流型,北衙向斜对岩溶水的富集起主导作用,断裂影响带和岩体与围岩接触带也有利于地下水的运移和富集。     

滇西北衙超大型金多金属矿床成因类型及成矿规律

北衙金多金属矿床的找矿工作近年取得了重大突破,使金矿储量达到超大型矿床规模,共、伴生铅锌、银、铜、铁、硫矿也达到大-中型规模.对北衙矿床的成因类型和成矿规律的综合研究及地质勘查工作成果表明,矿床受控于喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩与T2b碳酸盐岩的内、外接触带,属于与喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩有关的矽卡岩-热液型金多金属矿床.矿床类型包括矽卡岩型、层间破碎带型(含硅-钙面型)、裂隙脉型以及表生作用形成的风化-堆积型.喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩是矿床形成最关键的控矿因素,以斑岩体为中心,从斑岩内部→接触带→外带→远程,成矿元素有从Cu-Au→Au-Cu-Fe→Au-Fe→Au-Fe-Pb→Pb-Ag的分带规律.北衙地区构造-岩浆-流体活动强烈,成矿物质来源丰富,矿化期次复杂且类型多样,成矿空间范围广,成矿地质条件优越,深部及外围仍具有巨大的找矿潜力.     

太湖沉积物-水界面生源要素迁移机制及定量化—2.磷释放的热力学机制及源-汇转换

通过对云贵高原西北部鹤庆钻孔古湖相沉积岩芯的粒度、碳酸盐含量和烧失量等指标的综合分析、研究,重建了鹤庆盆地2．78 Ma以来的古环境演化过程．岩芯磁性地层表明,鹤庆湖盆形成于约2．78 Ma．环境代用指标的综合分析显示:鹤庆盆地2．78 Ma以来有过三次大的环境转变,即2．65 Ma鹤庆湖盆积水成湖,1．55 Ma、0．99 Ma左右山盆高差两次加大,这分别与青藏运动B幕、C幕和昆黄运动耦合．     

滇西北衙金多金属矿床成矿作用特征标志

文章通过对北衙金多金属矿床成矿作用特征标志的系统总结,认为从岩体内部到外接触带,矿化样式以"脉-块体-层-脉"的内外多元结构模式产出:岩体内部Au-Fe(Cu)矿体呈透镜状脉、平行脉沿断层破碎带陡倾斜产出;岩体接触带附近的矽卡岩带围绕岩体呈环状分布,Au-Fe-Cu矿体以大透镜状、块体状在矽卡岩带中断续产出;外带Au-Fe、Pb-Ag矿体呈似层状、透镜状,沿层间破碎带产出;远程带Au-Fe矿体呈小透镜状脉、平行脉沿断层破碎带陡倾斜产出。矿体对应的矿物组合、成矿元素和蚀变分带具有自高温到低温的分布规律和矽卡岩型矿床的特征。矿床的热液成矿作用阶段可划分为早矽卡岩、晚矽卡岩、磁铁矿、石英硫化物以及碳酸盐五个热液阶段,各阶段流体包裹体划分为富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体、含子晶矿物包裹体、富含CO_2三相包裹体等四类。成矿年龄为36.46 Ma—39.44 Ma,与石英正长斑岩的成岩年龄35.00 Ma—36.72 Ma基本一致。矿床成矿深度范围为0.7~2.2km。矿床类型为斑岩-矽卡岩型金多金属矿床。北衙组碳酸盐岩(T_2b)+多期断裂构造系统(接触带构造、岩性界面及层间破碎带、断裂裂隙、不整合面构造)+喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩侵位构成了"三位一体"的成矿系统和成矿模式。     

滇西北北衙金多金属矿田的成岩成矿作用:对印-亚碰撞造山过程的响应

北衙金多金属矿田是藏东-金沙江-哀牢山新生代富碱斑岩成矿带中南段的代表性矿床之一,发育一个与富碱斑岩密切相关的金多金属成矿系统.本文较为系统地分析了矿田内的成岩成矿作用特征及其演化过程,并探讨其与印-亚碰撞造山过程的响应关系.富碱斑岩具有埃达克岩的地球化学亲合性,其源区是喜马拉雅期印-亚碰撞造山造成的软流圈向东挤出江聚使大规模走滑断裂活化,诱发玄武质下地壳部分熔融的壳幔过渡层,成岩年龄可分为第一期(65～59Ma)、第二期(36～32Ma)、第三期(26～24Ma)和最晚期(3.8～3.6Ma)等4期,其中第二、三期与富碱岩带北段的两期岩浆集中活动时期基本吻合,形成的斑岩对金多金属成矿较为有利.区内金多金属矿床可划分为三个矿床类型和七个矿床亚类,即与喜马拉雅早-中期斑岩有关的金多金属矿床(Ⅰ),包括接触带夕卡岩型、斑岩型和热液充填型(及熔浆型)金多金属矿床;与喜马拉雅第三期斑岩有关的金多金属矿床(Ⅱ),包括爆破角砾岩型和叠加热液改造型金多金属矿床;以及与喜马拉雅期表生作用有关的风化堆积型金矿床(Ⅲ),包括古砂矿型和红色粘土型金矿床.Ⅰ、Ⅱ类型矿床受富碱斑岩及伴生的NE到NNE向断裂控制,赋存于富碱斑岩体内、内外接触带及其附近围岩的层间破碎带或构造裂隙带中,在成因和空间上与斑岩及隐爆角砾岩等密切有行关.成矿物质和成矿流体主要来源于地幔,围岩地层只是提供了成矿的空间,不同类型的矿体之间呈"贯通式"的时间和空间关系,构成了一个统一的喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩-热液型金多金属成矿系统.先期形成矿床明显受后期岩浆热液的叠加改造,但矿化分布和成矿元素组合仍表现为以斑岩为中心,存在CuAu(Mo)多金属→FeCuAuPbZn多金属→AuPbZnAg多金属的分带特征.从最早期含金铁矿床形成之后,原生金矿的次生富集和表生成矿作用就已开始,并形成不同成因类型的风化-堆积型金矿床.其中,古红色粘土型金矿床的成矿主要发生在始新世到渐新世,河-湖相古砂金矿床形成于23～5Ma期间,红色粘土型(残坡积型)金矿床可从始新世一直延续至今.通过与区域斑岩成岩成矿演化时序的对比,提出与藏东-金沙江-哀牢山斑岩成矿带上的众多矿床一样,北衙矿田内的成岩成矿作也是喜马拉雅期印-亚陆陆碰撞造山带成岩成矿作用在东南缘构造转换带的远程效应,记录了印-亚大陆碰撞造山的详细过程.因而,该矿田深部及外围地区,仍存在巨大的找矿潜力.盐源-丽江断裂带可能也是一条与藏东-金沙江-哀牢山斑岩成矿带联系密切而又相对独立的富碱斑岩成矿带.     

鹤庆北衙铁金矿区环境地质现状及预测评价

北衙铁金矿区万硐山矿段已露天开采多年,而进入后期,将转入深部地下开采。矿区存在的环境地质问题已初步显现。对露天转地下深部开采时主要的环境地质问题进行预测。     

Palynological evidence for vegetational and climatic changes from the HQ deep drilling core in Yunnan Province, China

The high-resolution pollen study of a 737.72-m-long lake sediment core in the Heqing Basin of Yunnan Province shows that the vegetation and climate of mountains around the Heqing Basin went through six obvious changes since 2.780 Ma B.P. Namely, Pinus forest occupied most mountains around the studied area and the structure of vertical vegetational belt was simple between 2.780 and 2.729 Ma B.P., reflecting a relatively warm and dry climate. During 2.729―2.608 Ma B.P., the areas of cold-temperate conifer forest (CTCF) and Tsuga forest increased and the structure of vertical vegetational belt became clear. According to percentages of tropical and subtropical elements growing in low-altitude regions rifely increased, we speculate that the increase of CTCF and Tsuga forest areas mainly resulted from strong uplift of mountains which provided upward expanding space and growing condition for these plants. Thus, the climate of the low-altitude regions around the basin was relatively warm and humid. Between 2.608 and 1.553 Ma B.P., Pinus forest occupied most mountains around the studied area and forest line of CTCF rose, which reflects a moderately warm-dry climate on the whole. During 1.553―0.876 Ma B.P., the structure of vertical vegetational belt in mountains around the studied area became complicated and the amplitude of vegetational belts shifting up and down enlarged, which implies that the amplitude of climatic change increased, the climatic associational feature was more complex and the climate was moderately cold at a majority of the stage. During 0.876―0.252 Ma B.P., there were all vertical vegetational belts existing at present in mountains around the studied area. The elements of each belt were more abundant and complex than earlier. At different periods in the stage vertical vegetational belts occurred as expanding or shrinking, and alternated each other. The amplitude of vegetational belts shifting up and down was the maximum in the whole section. This change suggests that the amplitude of climatic change was evidently larger than earlier, but the frequency reduced and the climatic associational feature was more complex. From 0.252 Ma B.P. to the present, the most time was characteristic of the expanding of Pinus forest and semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest (SEBF) in mountains around the studied area, while expanding time of other vegetational belts was very short, which reflects a smaller amplitude of cold and warm fluctuation. On the basis of the six obvious cycles of vegetational and climatic changes, there were still many times of secondary vegetational successions and climatic oscillations. Based on the above analysis, the forcing mechanism of vegeta-tional succession and climatic change in the Heqing Basin is further discussed. It is primarily consid-ered that main influential factors were exterior factors such as orbital parameters, etc., but the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau played a very important function for environmental changes in the Heqing Basin at two times obvious increase of vertical vegetational belts and three climatic transitions.     

滇西北衙金矿区大沙地岩体地质特征、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素及地质意义

大沙地二长花岗斑岩体位于北衙金多金属矿区南部,是矿区内勘查控制的7个主要富碱斑岩体中唯一的隐伏岩体。本文对大沙地岩体成矿的地质特征进行了总结和探讨,发现大沙地岩体成矿表现出由岩体向外围地层依次发育斑岩型Cu-Au→矽卡岩型Cu(Mo)-Fe→热液脉型Au的矿化分带特征,显示出斑岩热液成矿系列特征。大沙地地区较万硐山主矿区相对发育Cu-(Mo)矿化类型而缺乏Au矿化,这可能与大沙地岩体的隐伏性及向深部富集Cu(44.7×10~(-6)~2254×10~(-6))、Mo(3.86×10~(-6)~24×10~(-6))等成矿相关微量元素的特征有关。大沙地二长花岗斑岩铅同位素相对变化较小,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb分别在18.691~18.931、15.664~15.703和38.898~39.124之间。(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i含量在0.70753~0.70852之间,ε_(Nd)(t)变化于-6.87~-8.60,Nd同位素二阶段亏损地幔模式年龄(t_(DM2))为1.4~1.5Ga,综合指示成矿物质来源于下地壳。包括大沙地岩体在内的北衙富碱斑岩还具有与滇西地区始新世钾质酸性岩中的角闪岩捕掳体相似的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成,推测富碱斑岩岩浆可能源自角闪岩相下地壳物质的部分熔融,而扬子西缘青藏高原主碰撞向晚碰撞过渡阶段(40~26Ma)挤压转换应力背景下,由地体斜向碰撞形成的金沙江-红河大型走滑深断裂带及其次级构造则控制了富碱斑岩岩浆的上升和侵位。     

云南鹤庆盆地2.780~1.802MaB.P.期间的 古植被和古气候*

鹤庆深钻421.7m以下岩芯的孢粉组合揭示2.780~1.802MaB.P.期间鹤庆盆地周围山地植被类型的更替主要是松林和寒温针叶林林带的上下迁移,并且研究区在第四纪之前就已基本具备了目前的主要植物种类及其自然地理轮廓。根据孢粉组合中寒温针叶林主要成分的孢粉含量变化推测研究区周围的山顶气候在2.780~1.802MaB.P.期间依次经历了相对温和偏干→整体相对寒冷潮湿→温和偏干→寒冷较湿→温凉较干→温和偏干→寒冷较湿的7次明显波动;同时结合孢粉组合特征和山顶气候推测盆地周围较低海拔区的气候经历了温暖干旱→整体相对温暖潮湿→温暖干旱→温凉较湿→温和偏干→温暖干旱,但夏季有一定降雨→温凉较湿的7次明显波动。在重建古植被与古气候时,还根据孢粉组合中寒温针叶林的主要成分与喜热成分的孢粉含量变化,探讨了2.780~1.802MaB.P.期间不同时段导致研究区周围山地垂直植被带迁移的主要原因,即区分了构造抬升与气候变化对其影响的可能性。研究认为2.729~2.608MaB.P.期间寒温针叶林面积增加主要是由于山体强烈抬升造成的,此次山体强烈抬升正对应着晚新生代地质时期青藏高原强烈隆升的"青藏运动B幕",而其他时段的寒温针叶林面积增减主要是气候变化引起的。     

滇西北衙金多金属矿床锆石U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os年龄及其地质意义

北衙金多金属矿床位于金沙江-哀牢山富碱斑岩带中段,近年来在矿产勘查中取得重大突破,金储量已达超大型矿床规模,并伴生铁、铜、银、铅、锌等金属矿种.本文通过对矿区内石英正长斑岩进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,确定其成岩年龄为36.48±0.26Ma;并对矽卡岩型矿体中的辉钼矿样品进行Re-Os同位素定年,首次获得北衙金多金属矿床高精度的成矿年龄为36.87±0.76Ma,测试结果显示成岩与成矿年龄基本一致.辉钼矿中Re含量指示成矿作用与岩浆壳幔混合作用有关.北衙金多金属矿床成岩和成矿年龄与哀牢山-金沙江富碱斑岩成矿带的成岩与成矿作用年龄相一致(40 ～ 35Ma),表明其形成受控于相同的地球动力学背景,是在印度与欧亚大陆碰撞背景下,构造体制发生转变,导致加厚下地壳或上地幔的部分熔融而引起的岩浆-热液-成矿事件.