云南鹤庆钻孔揭示的古生产力轨道尺度演化

本文在分析鹤庆古湖泊不同演化阶段烧失量指标变化特点的基础上,采用频谱分析、滤波分析方法,探讨了该湖泊古生产力轨道尺度的演化特征．综合分析结果显示:在整个演化过程中,由于北半球夏季太阳辐射与南半球潜热输出相位关系的不同,导致斜率周期一直强于岁差周期;在987-1552 ka阶段,15 ka、10．7 ka和10 ka为较强周期,其中10 ka、10．7 ka周期是与100 ka周期强化有关的半岁差周期;在湖泊古生产力演化中存在与气候变化相一致的中更新世转型．     

Porphyry Cu–Au and associated polymetallic Fe–Cu–Au deposits in the Beiya Area, western Yunnan Province, south China

The Alkaline porphyries in the Beiya area are located east of the Jinshajiang suture, as part of a Cenozoic alkali-rich porphyry belt in western Yunnan. The main rock types include quartz-albite porphyry, quartz-K-feldspar porphyry and biotite–K-feldspar porphyry. These porphyries are characterised by high alkalinity [(K₂O + Na₂O)% > 10%], high silica (SiO₂% > 65%), high Sr (> 400 ppm) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (> 0.706)] ratio and were intruded at 65.5 Ma, between 25.5 to 32.5 Ma, and about 3.8 Ma, respectively. There are five main types of mineral deposits in the Beiya area: (1) porphyry Cu–Au deposits, (2) magmatic Fe–Au deposits, (3) sedimentary polymetallic deposits, (4) polymetallic skarn deposits, and (5) palaeoplacers associated with karsts. The porphyry Cu–Au and polymetallic skarn deposits are associated with quartz–albite porphyry bodies. The Fe–Au and polymetallic sedimentary deposits are part of an ore-forming system that produced considerable Au in the Beiya area, and are characterised by low concentrations of La, Ti, and Co, and high concentrations of Y, Yb, and Sc.The Cenozoic porphyries in western Yunnan display increased alkalinity away from the Triassic Jinshajiang suture. Distribution of both the porphyries and sedimentary deposits in the Beiya area are interpreted to be related to partial melting in a disjointed region between upper mantle lithosphere of the Yangtze Plate and Gondwana continent, and lie within a shear zone between buried Palaeo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere and upper mantle lithosphere, caused by the subduction and collision of India and Asia.     

滇西北衙金多金属矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

北衙金多金属矿床产出于滇西北富碱斑岩-多金属成矿带内。矿床严格受富碱斑岩及其成生的深大断裂构造控制,并发育热液交代现象,且在围岩内以产出充填型矿脉(囊)、交代型条带矿(似层状)为主,构成斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统,具超大型金矿床规模。本文利用Re-Os同位素定年方法首次对北衙铁金多金属矿床全矿段金属硫化物成矿年龄进行精确测定,获得5件辉钼矿样品的模式年龄为37.46~39.44 Ma,其加权平均年龄为(38.48±0.54)Ma,等时线年龄为(37.9±2.5)Ma,两者在误差范围内一致,与区域及区内富碱斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄基本保持一致;辉钼矿中Re含量主体26.84×10-6~43.15×10-6之间,指示其成矿物质来源于上地幔和下地壳,为壳幔混合源;两者均指示成矿作用与该时期具幔壳混合源性质的富碱岩浆浅成侵入关系密切。     

滇西北衙金多金属矿床流体包裹体研究

北衙金多金属矿是与滇西新生代富碱斑岩有关的典型代表之一。通过对矿区石英脉、富碱斑岩中的石英斑晶以及方解石脉中流体包裹体的类型、特征、温度、盐度、成矿压力以及流体包裹体中气液相成分分析和包裹体的激光拉曼探针分析,探讨了流体性质、来源。研究表明,该区存在高温高盐度流体、中高温高盐度流体、中低温低盐度流体3种流体。流体总体属于NaCl-H2O体系,均一温度范围在132～550℃(个别大于550℃),盐度范围在1.9%～61.1%(NaCleq)。高盐度流体不是由热水溶液的不混溶作用或沸腾作用形成的,而是由中酸性岩浆在深部岩浆房中通过结晶分异作用形成,和/或在浅成条件下于岩浆结晶的最后阶段从浅部岩浆中直接出溶形成的。红泥塘、南大坪两矿段石英斑晶中金属子矿物特别是黄铜矿的发现,暗示早期来自岩浆的热液流体金属含量较高,形成于大气降水与岩浆热液混合之前。上述特征表明北衙地区富碱斑岩具有巨大成矿潜力。     

Delineation and explanation of geochemical anomalies using fractal models in the Heqing area,Yunnan Province,China

The Heqing area, located in the Sanjiang ore belt, China, consists of the Beiya gold orefield related to the alkaline porphyry, the Emeishan volcanic mafic rocks and a series of sedimentary rocks. Thirty-nine elements of stream sediment samples taken in the 1:200,000 geochemical survey in the Heqing area can be classified into four groups using principal component analysis. Two fractal models, i.e., the concentration–area model and the number–size model, are applied in determination of the thresholds for the representative elements in the four groups. The thresholds obtained from the two models are similar. According to the thresholds, the element concentration distribution can be divided into 3 segments, each of them is mainly correlated to one type of rocks, including the alkaline porphyry related to gold-mineralized rocks, mafic rocks and sedimentary rocks. This paper reveals that the various geological events can be characterized by the different fractal models of element distribution.     

鹤庆北衙铁金矿区环境地质现状及预测评价

北衙铁金矿区万硐山矿段已露天开采多年,而进入后期,将转入深部地下开采。矿区存在的环境地质问题已初步显现。对露天转地下深部开采时主要的环境地质问题进行预测。     

滇西北衙超大型金多金属矿床成因类型及成矿规律

北衙金多金属矿床的找矿工作近年取得了重大突破,使金矿储量达到超大型矿床规模,共、伴生铅锌、银、铜、铁、硫矿也达到大-中型规模.对北衙矿床的成因类型和成矿规律的综合研究及地质勘查工作成果表明,矿床受控于喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩与T2b碳酸盐岩的内、外接触带,属于与喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩有关的矽卡岩-热液型金多金属矿床.矿床类型包括矽卡岩型、层间破碎带型(含硅-钙面型)、裂隙脉型以及表生作用形成的风化-堆积型.喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩是矿床形成最关键的控矿因素,以斑岩体为中心,从斑岩内部→接触带→外带→远程,成矿元素有从Cu-Au→Au-Cu-Fe→Au-Fe→Au-Fe-Pb→Pb-Ag的分带规律.北衙地区构造-岩浆-流体活动强烈,成矿物质来源丰富,矿化期次复杂且类型多样,成矿空间范围广,成矿地质条件优越,深部及外围仍具有巨大的找矿潜力.     

云南鹤庆锰矿成矿规律控矿因素新认识

鹤庆锰矿,赋存于印支运动形成的东西向裂陷槽中,成矿时限应早于松桂湖的中、晚北衙期,分出同生沉积型和淋滤充填型。控矿构造为特殊的向斜轴部“锅底凹”,成因属于火山热液同生沉积、后期改造型锰矿床。     

Palynological evidence for vegetational and climatic changes from the HQ deep drilling core in Yunnan Province, China

The high-resolution pollen study of a 737.72-m-long lake sediment core in the Heqing Basin of Yunnan Province shows that the vegetation and climate of mountains around the Heqing Basin went through six obvious changes since 2.780 Ma B.P. Namely, Pinus forest occupied most mountains around the studied area and the structure of vertical vegetational belt was simple between 2.780 and 2.729 Ma B.P., reflecting a relatively warm and dry climate. During 2.729―2.608 Ma B.P., the areas of cold-temperate conifer forest (CTCF) and Tsuga forest increased and the structure of vertical vegetational belt became clear. According to percentages of tropical and subtropical elements growing in low-altitude regions rifely increased, we speculate that the increase of CTCF and Tsuga forest areas mainly resulted from strong uplift of mountains which provided upward expanding space and growing condition for these plants. Thus, the climate of the low-altitude regions around the basin was relatively warm and humid. Between 2.608 and 1.553 Ma B.P., Pinus forest occupied most mountains around the studied area and forest line of CTCF rose, which reflects a moderately warm-dry climate on the whole. During 1.553―0.876 Ma B.P., the structure of vertical vegetational belt in mountains around the studied area became complicated and the amplitude of vegetational belts shifting up and down enlarged, which implies that the amplitude of climatic change increased, the climatic associational feature was more complex and the climate was moderately cold at a majority of the stage. During 0.876―0.252 Ma B.P., there were all vertical vegetational belts existing at present in mountains around the studied area. The elements of each belt were more abundant and complex than earlier. At different periods in the stage vertical vegetational belts occurred as expanding or shrinking, and alternated each other. The amplitude of vegetational belts shifting up and down was the maximum in the whole section. This change suggests that the amplitude of climatic change was evidently larger than earlier, but the frequency reduced and the climatic associational feature was more complex. From 0.252 Ma B.P. to the present, the most time was characteristic of the expanding of Pinus forest and semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest (SEBF) in mountains around the studied area, while expanding time of other vegetational belts was very short, which reflects a smaller amplitude of cold and warm fluctuation. On the basis of the six obvious cycles of vegetational and climatic changes, there were still many times of secondary vegetational successions and climatic oscillations. Based on the above analysis, the forcing mechanism of vegeta-tional succession and climatic change in the Heqing Basin is further discussed. It is primarily consid-ered that main influential factors were exterior factors such as orbital parameters, etc., but the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau played a very important function for environmental changes in the Heqing Basin at two times obvious increase of vertical vegetational belts and three climatic transitions.     

滇西北衙金矿区大沙地岩体地质特征、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素及地质意义

大沙地二长花岗斑岩体位于北衙金多金属矿区南部,是矿区内勘查控制的7个主要富碱斑岩体中唯一的隐伏岩体。本文对大沙地岩体成矿的地质特征进行了总结和探讨,发现大沙地岩体成矿表现出由岩体向外围地层依次发育斑岩型Cu-Au→矽卡岩型Cu(Mo)-Fe→热液脉型Au的矿化分带特征,显示出斑岩热液成矿系列特征。大沙地地区较万硐山主矿区相对发育Cu-(Mo)矿化类型而缺乏Au矿化,这可能与大沙地岩体的隐伏性及向深部富集Cu(44.7×10~(-6)~2254×10~(-6))、Mo(3.86×10~(-6)~24×10~(-6))等成矿相关微量元素的特征有关。大沙地二长花岗斑岩铅同位素相对变化较小,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb分别在18.691~18.931、15.664~15.703和38.898~39.124之间。(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i含量在0.70753~0.70852之间,ε_(Nd)(t)变化于-6.87~-8.60,Nd同位素二阶段亏损地幔模式年龄(t_(DM2))为1.4~1.5Ga,综合指示成矿物质来源于下地壳。包括大沙地岩体在内的北衙富碱斑岩还具有与滇西地区始新世钾质酸性岩中的角闪岩捕掳体相似的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成,推测富碱斑岩岩浆可能源自角闪岩相下地壳物质的部分熔融,而扬子西缘青藏高原主碰撞向晚碰撞过渡阶段(40~26Ma)挤压转换应力背景下,由地体斜向碰撞形成的金沙江-红河大型走滑深断裂带及其次级构造则控制了富碱斑岩岩浆的上升和侵位。