11万年来河西走廊东部黄土沉积记录的百年分辨率东亚冬季风变化

在河西走廊东段的祁连山北麓与腾格里沙漠交接地带发育的较大范围的黄土堆积为探讨东亚夏季风西北缘的古季风演化提供了不可多得的天然素材。本研究利用甘肃武威沙沟剖面32.2 m的黄土-古土壤序列作为研究对象,开展了光释光测年和高分辨率的岩石磁学、环境磁学和全岩粒度分析,重建了该地区11万年来的古季风演化历史,并探讨了其驱动机制。结果表明：1)该剖面11万年来连续沉积的黄土-古土壤序列与邻近古浪剖面同期地层的全岩粒度表现出完全的可比性,二者的沉积速率均达30 cm/ka以上,记录了东亚夏季风西北缘千百年分辨率的气候快速变化特征;2)磁粒度参数Mrs/Ms和Hcr/Hc与中值粒径间良好的线性相关表明,研究区黄土磁学特征主要受控于冬季风强度主导的"wind vigor"模式;3)全岩粒度和磁粒度参数均记录了完整的Dansgaard-Oeschger旋回和Heinrich事件,表明北半球高纬气候对黄土高原西北边缘气候的深远影响和中-高纬北半球气候显著的遥相关过程,而由北大西洋经向翻转环流强弱所引起的北极海冰变化可能是导致东亚冬季风强度变化的最直接原因。     

末次冰期贵州七星洞石笋高分辨率气候记录与Heinrich事件

通过对贵州都匀七星洞Q4、Q6 石笋进行高精度的TIMS-U系测年和氧同位素分析,建立了末次冰期60.5 ka B P以来都匀凯酉地区高分辨率的古气候变化时间序列.通过与格陵兰GISP2冰心的δ18O曲线对比分析,初步揭示并探讨了末次冰期以来反映的短时间尺度气候快速变化的D-O旋回事件1~18和Heinrich事件H1~H5在黔南七星洞中的石笋记录,并对冷事件发生的年代给出了界定.研究表明,黔南60.5 ka B P以来石笋记录冷暖事件所反映出的古季风环流变化,明显受北大西洋气候振荡的影响,显示与北极地区存在着古气候的遥相关.石笋δ18O记录表明,在60.5~11.29 ka B P间的末次冰期,δ18O值由负偏逐渐向正偏方向变化,反映东亚夏季风由强变弱,降雨由多变少,气温由高变低的变化趋势.     

北大西洋45°N区氧同位素3期以来上层水体性质的变化

北大西洋45°N区是北大西洋冰筏碎屑（IRD）带的中心区,其海洋沉积物包含高分辨率沉积环境和气候变化信息,对45°N区沉积记录的研究有利于反演末次冰期以来古海洋环境的变化。通过对岩心Hu71-377中IRD含量的统计、浮游有孔虫组合及氧和碳同位素（δ18O和δ13C）分析,重建了北大西洋45°N上层水体水团性质演化历史。结合AMS14C数据和氧同位素地层学,在氧同位素3期（MIS3）和2期（MIS2）中识别出5个Heinrich层,其中Heinrich 1、2和4层具有明显IRD峰值、Neogloboquadrina pachyderma高丰度和轻δ18O值特征,而Heinrich 3和5层的δ18O值未明显变轻。Heinrich 3和5层与Heinrich 1、2和4层的δ18O 差异可能反映了上层水体受融水输入的影响不同。δ13CN.incompta和δ13CN.pachyderma差值也反映了Heinrich事件期间混合层和温跃层的变化,它们的δ13C差值在Heinrich 1和2期间接近零,归因于强风驱动的海水垂向混合。而δ13CN.incompta和δ13CN.pachyderma差值在Heinrich 4和5期间增大,反映了季节性温跃层变浅,推测与北大西洋暖流增强有关。浮游有孔虫组合进一步反映了海洋上层水团性质, 特别是N. pachyderma和Neogloboquadrina incompta的相对丰度反映了MIS3期以来海表温度（SST）变化。     

Heinrich 3事件的实证:浙江舟山群岛泥裂

在浙江舟山朱家尖岛观音湾海滩地区发现了大量发育良好,深达60cm的泥裂构造。年代学结果表明,该泥裂构造形成于31.2～30.4kaBP期间。孢粉学和粘土矿物学研究结果表明,该构造揭示了研究区域曾经发生的一次强烈的冷干事件,事件发生时植被衰落。这极可能是第四纪晚期全球范围内发生的气候快速变冷事件Heinrich3事件的一个直接的景观证据,为第四纪气候快速变化的研究提供了一种新的研究对象。     

Varying sediment sources (Hudson Strait,Cumberland Sound,Baffin Bay) to the NW Labrador Sea slope between and during Heinrich events 0 to 4

Core HU97048‐007PC was recovered from the continental Labrador Sea slope at a water depth of 945 m, 250 km seaward from the mouth of Cumberland Sound, and 400 km north of Hudson Strait. Cumberland Sound is a structural trough partly floored by Cretaceous mudstones and Paleozoic carbonates. The record extends from ～10 to 58 ka. On‐board logging revealed a complex series of lithofacies, including buff‐colored detrital carbonate‐rich sediments [Heinrich (H)‐events] frequently bracketed by black facies. We investigate the provenance of these facies using quantitative X‐ray diffraction on drill‐core samples from Paleozoic and Cretaceous bedrock from the SE Baffin Island Shelf, and on the < 2‐mm sediment fraction in a transect of five cores from Cumberland Sound to the NW Labrador Sea. A sediment unmixing program was used to discriminate between sediment sources, which included dolomite‐rich sediments from Baffin Bay, calcite‐rich sediments from Hudson Strait and discrete sources from Cumberland Sound. Results indicated that the bulk of the sediment was derived from Cumberland Sound, but Baffin Bay contributed to sediments coeval with H‐0 (Younger Dryas), whereas Hudson Strait was the source during H‐events 1–4. Contributions from the Cretaceous outcrops within Cumberland Sound bracket H‐events, thus both leading and lagging Hudson Strait‐sourced H‐events. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

贵州黔西县水西洞石笋记录的末次冰期Heinrich Stadial 4气候突变事件

末次冰期Heinrich Stadial 4气候突变事件(HS4事件)是发生于约40 ka B.P.(B.P.表示Before Present, Present为公元1950年)最为显著的一次海因里希冰阶事件,对其转型特征和精细结构的刻画有助于深入理解千年尺度气候突变事件的机制。本研究基于贵州黔西县水西洞SXG-3石笋的11个高精度²³⁰Th年龄和277个δ¹⁸O数据,重建了40.77～37.17 ka B.P.时段平均分辨率为13 a的亚洲夏季风强度演变序列。该石笋氧同位素记录清晰地捕捉到了HS4弱季风事件,呈现出三阶段变化的特征,即：第1阶段(39.97～39.13 ka B.P.),石笋δ¹⁸O在840±90 a内偏正1.32‰,夏季风缓慢减弱,对应于热带辐合带(Intertropical Convergence Zone,简称ITCZ)的南移和格陵兰气候快速变冷;第2阶段(39.13～38.35 ka B.P.),石笋δ¹⁸O整体偏正,平均为-8.34‰,夏季风强度达到最弱,而南美季风达到最...     

Low-latitude “dusty events” vs. high-latitude “icy Heinrich events”

It has been proposed that tropical events could have participated in the triggering of the classic, high-latitude, iceberg-discharge Heinrich events (HE). We explore low-latitude Heinrich events equivalents at high resolution, in a piston core recovered from the tropical north-western African margin. They are characterized by an increase of total dust, lacustrine diatoms and fibrous lacustrine clay minerals. Thus, low-latitude events clearly reflect severe aridity events that occurred over Africa at the Saharan latitudes, probably induced by southward shifts of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone. At a first approximation, it seems that there is more likely synchronicity between the high-latitude Heinrich Events (HEs) and low-latitude events (LLE), rather than asynchronous behaviours.     

Nannoplankton successions in the northern Red Sea during the last glaciation (60 to 14.5 ka BP): Reactions to climate change

Due to its restricted connection with the Indian Ocean, the desert-enclosed Red Sea is extremely sensitive to global sea level changes and thus ideally suited for paleoceanographic studies of what occurred during the last glaciation. The understanding of its glacial history is, however, still limited. A serious obstacle to obtain satisfactory paleoecological information has been the rarity of microfossil proxy species caused by high salinities. Here, we present a continuous and well-dated calcareous nannoplankton record from the northern Red Sea, covering the interval from 60–14.5 ka BP. Our investigation shows that the composition of the calcareous nannoplankton community varied between  32 ka BP and 14.5 ka BP in response to rapid environmental changes which are closely correlated to climatic fluctuations described from the North Atlantic region. Heinrich events H3, H2 and H1 are dominated by Emiliania huxleyi. Gephyrocapsa oceanica and especially Gephyrocapsa ericsonii are abundant between H3–H2 and H2–H1. A less pronounced response of the calcareous nannoplankton to the high latitudinal climatic oscillations is documented prior to  32 ka BP, suggesting that a strong atmospheric coupling between the northern Red Sea and the North Atlantic realm was established in the late Marine Isotope Stage 3. In contrast to the previously held view of a sea level related salinity increase as the major cause for changes of the plankton communities within the glacial Red Sea, we interpret the documented variations as being caused by local hydrographic changes under the atmospheric control from the extratropics. Temperature changes and especially variations of the water stratification appear to be critical selective factors for the calcareous nannoplankton composition.     

Evidence for Heinrich event 1 in the British Isles

In the north Irish Sea basin (ISB), sedimentary successions constrained by AMS ¹⁴C dates obtained from marine microfaunas record three major palaeoenvironmental shifts during the last deglacial cycle. (i) Marine muds (Cooley Point Interstadial) dated to between 16.7 and 14.7 ¹⁴C kyr BP record a major deglaciation of the ISB following the Late Glacial Maximum (LGM). (ii) Terminal outwash and ice-contact landforms (Killard Point Stadial) were deposited during an extensive ice readvance, which occurred after 14.7 ¹⁴C kyr BP and reached a maximum extent at ca.14 ¹⁴C kyr BP. At this time the lowlands surrounding the north ISB were drumlinised. Coeval flowlines reconstructed from these bedforms end at prominent moraines (Killard Point, Bride, St Bees) and indicate contemporaneity of drumlinisation from separate ice dispersal centres, substrate erosion by fast ice flow, and subglacial sediment transfer to ice-sheet margins. In north central Ireland bed reorganisation associated with this fast ice-flow phase involved overprinting and drumlinisation of earlier transverse ridges (Rogen-type moraines) by headward erosion along ice streams that exited through tidewater ice margins. This is the first direct terrestrial evidence that the British Ice Sheet (BIS) participated in Heinrich event 1 (H1). (iii) Regional mud drapes, directly overlying drumlins, record high relative sea-level (RSL) with stagnation zone retreat after 13.7 ¹⁴C kyr BP (Rough Island Interstadial). Elsewhere in lowland areas of northern Britain ice-marginal sediments and morainic belts record millennial-scale oscillations of the BIS, which post-date the LGM advance on to the continental shelf, and pre-date the Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas) advance in the highlands of western Scotland (ca. 11–10 ¹⁴C kyr BP). In western, northwestern and northern Ireland, Killard Point Stadial (H1) ice limits are reconstructed from ice-flow lines that are coeval with those in the north ISB and end at prominent moraines. On the Scottish continental shelf possible H1-age ice limits are reconstructed from dated marine muds and associated ice marginal moraines. It is argued that the last major offshore ice expansion from the Scottish mountains post-dated ca. 15 ¹⁴C kyr BP and is therefore part of the H1 event. In eastern England the stratigraphic significance of the Dimlington silts is re-evaluated because evidence shows that there was only one major ice oscillation post-dating ca.18 ¹⁴C kyr BP in these lowlands. In a wider context the sequence of deglacial events in the ISB (widespread deglaciation of southern part of the BIS → major readvance during H1 → ice sheet collapse) is similar to records of ice sheet variability from the southern margins of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS). Well-dated ice-marginal records, however, show that during the Killard Point readvance the BIS was at its maximum position when retreat of the LIS was well underway. This phasing relationship supports the idea that the BIS readvance was a response to North Atlantic cooling induced by collapse of the LIS. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.