Last glacial fire regime variability in western France inferred from microcharcoal preserved in core MD04-2845, Bay of Biscay

High resolution multiproxy analysis (microcharcoal, pollen, organic carbon, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s), ice rafted debris) of the deep-sea record MD04-2845 (Bay of Biscay) provides new insights for understanding mechanisms of fire regime variability of the last glacial period in western France. Fire regime of western France closely follows Dansgaard–Oeschger climatic variability and presents the same pattern than that of southwestern Iberia, namely low fire regime associated with open vegetation during stadials including Heinrich events, and high fire regime associated with open forest during interstadials. This supports a regional climatic control on fire regime for western Europe through fuel availability for the last glacial period. Additionally, each of Heinrich events 6, 5 and 4 is characterised by three episodes of fire regime, with a high regime bracketed by lower fire regime episodes, related to vegetational succession and complex environmental condition changes.     

North Atlantic control on precipitation pattern in the eastern Mediterranean/Black Sea region during the last glacial

Based on proxy records from western Black Sea cores, we provide a comprehensive study of climate change during the last glacial maximum and late-glacial period in the Black Sea region. For the first time we present a record of relative changes in precipitation for NW Anatolia based on variations in the terrigenous supply expressed as detrital carbonate concentration. The good correspondence between reconstructed rainfall intensity in NW Anatolia and past western Mediterranean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) implies that during the glacial period the precipitation variability was controlled, like today, by Mediterranean cyclonic disturbances. Periods of reduced precipitation correlate well with low SSTs in the Mediterranean related to Heinrich events H1 and H2. Stable oxygen isotopes and lithological and mineralogical data point to a significant modification in the dominant freshwater/sediment source concomitant to the meltwater inflow after 16.4 cal ka BP. This change implies intensification of the northern sediment source and, with other records from the Mediterranean region, consistently suggests a reorganization of the atmospheric circulation pattern affecting the hydrology of the European continent. The early deglacial northward retreat of both atmospheric and oceanic polar fronts was responsible for the warming in the Mediterranean region, leading simultaneously to more humid conditions in central and northern Europe.     

Heinrich事件和末次冰期气候的不稳定性

对北大西洋深海沉积物的研究表明：末次冰期北大西洋沉积物记录中有多次洋面温度降低、有孔虫含量减少、盐度降低和粗颗粒的碳酸盐碎屑快速堆积的现象，这些时间跨度上千年或几百年的气候快速波动被称为Heinrich事件^{［１－４］}，很难用古气候的米兰科维奇理论来解释。最近对末次冰期中国马兰黄土堆积的调查发现，在末次冰期之中东亚冬季风也有多次加强，它与北大西洋沉积物中的Heinrich事件对应很好，暗示着东亚季风的变迁更直接受控于北半球冰量的变化，而不是过去人们认为的东亚古季风气候变化与地球轨道变化引起太阳辐射变化直接相关。      

Cell bioassays for detection of aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) and estrogen receptor (ER) mediated activity in environmental samples

In vitro cell bioassays are useful techniques for the determination of receptor-mediated activities in environmental samples containing complex mixtures of contaminants. The cell bioassays determine contamination by pollutants that act through specific modes of action. This article presents strategies for the evaluation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (hereafter referred as dioxin-like) or estrogen receptor mediated activities of potential endocrine disrupting compounds in complex environmental mixtures. Extracts from various types of environmental or food matrices can be tested by this technique to evaluate their 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents or estrogenic equivalents and to identify contaminated samples that need further investigation using resource-intensive instrumental analyses. Fractionation of sample extracts exhibiting significant activities, and subsequent reanalysis with the bioassays can identify important classes of contaminants that are responsible for the observed activity. Effect-directed chemical analysis is performed only for the active fractions to determine the responsible compounds. Potency-balance estimates of all major compounds contributing to the observed effects can be calculated to determine if all of the activity has been identified, and to assess the potential for interactions such as synergism or antagonism among contaminants present in the complex mixtures. The bioassay approach is an efficient (fast and cost effective) screening system to identify the samples of interest and to provide basic information for further analysis and risk evaluation.     

Radiocarbon calibration beyond 20,000 C yr B.P. by means of planktonic foraminifera of the Iberian Margin

We present a new set of ¹⁴C ages obtained by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) on planktonic foraminifera from a deep-sea core collected off the Iberian Margin (MD952042). This site, at 37°N, is distant from the high-latitude zones where ¹⁴C reservoir age is large and variable. Many independent proxies — alkenones, magnetic susceptibility, ice-rafted debris, foraminifera stable isotopes, abundances of foraminifera, pollen, and dinoflagellates — show abrupt changes correlative with Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich events of the last glacial period. The good stratigraphic agreement of all proxies — from the fine to the coarse-size fractions — indicates that the foraminifera ¹⁴C ages are representative of the different sediment fractions. To obtain reliable ¹⁴C ages of foraminifera beyond 20,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P., we leached the shells prior to carbonate hydrolysis and subsequent analysis. For a calendar age scale, we matched the Iberian Margin U₃₇^K′ profile with that of Greenland Summit δ¹⁸O. Both are proxies for temperature, which in models varies synchronously in the two areas. The match creates no spurious jumps in sedimentation rate and requires only a limited number of tie points. Except for ages older than 40,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P., Greenland's GISP2 and GRIP records yield similar calendars. The ¹⁴C and imported calendar ages of the Iberian Margin record are then compared to data — from lacustrine annual varves and from corals and speleothems dated by U-Th — previously used to extend the calibration beyond 20,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. The new record follows a smooth pattern between 23,000 and 50,000 cal yr B.P. We find good agreement with the previous data sets between 23,000 and 31,000 cal yr B.P. In the interval between 33,000 and 41,000 cal yr B.P., for which previous records disagree by up to 5000 cal yr, the Iberian Margin record closely follows the polynomial curve that was previously defined by an interpolation of the coral ages and runs between the Lake Suigetsu and the Bahamian speleothem data sets.     

Oscillating glacial northern and southern deep water formation from combined neodymium and carbon isotopes

While ocean circulation is driven by the formation of deep water in the North Atlantic and the Circum-Antarctic, the role of southern-sourced deep water formation in climate change is poorly understood. Here we address the balance of northern- and southern-sourced waters in the South Atlantic through the last glacial period using neodymium isotope ratios of authigenic ferromanganese oxides in thirteen deep sea cores from throughout the South Atlantic. The data indicate that northern-sourced water did not reach the Southern Ocean during the late glacial, and was replaced by southern-derived intermediate and deep waters. The high-resolution neodymium isotope record (~ 300 yr sample spacing) from two spliced deep Cape Basin sites indicates that over the last glacial period northern-sourced water mass export to the Southern Ocean was stronger during the major Greenland millennial warming intervals (and Southern Hemisphere cool periods), and particularly during the major interstadials 8, 12, and 14. Northern-sourced water mass export was weaker during Greenland stadials and reached minima during Heinrich Events. The benthic foraminiferal carbon isotopes in the same Cape Basin core reflect a partial control by Southern Hemisphere climate changes and indicate that deep water formation and ventilation occurred in the Southern Ocean during major Greenland cooling intervals (stadials). Together, neodymium isotopes and benthic carbon isotopes provide new information about water mass sourcing and circulation in deep Southern Ocean waters during rapid glacial climate changes. Combining carbon and neodymium isotopes can be used to monitor the relative proportion of northern- and southern-sourced waters in the Cape Basin to gain insight into the processes which control the carbon isotopic composition of deep waters. In this study we show that deep water formation and circulation was more important than biological productivity and nutrient regeneration changes for controlling the carbon isotope chemistry of Antarctic Bottom Water during millennial-scale glacial climate cycles. This observation also lends support to the hypothesis that ocean circulation is linked to interhemispheric climate changes on short timescales, and that ventilation in the glacial ocean rapidly switched between the northern and Southern Hemisphere on millennial timescales.     

Value estimation of greenhouse gases exchange in wetland ecosystem of Sanjiang Plain, China

The objective of this study is to quantify the values of greenhouse gases (GHGs) exchange in carbon equivalents of marshes and paddy fields in the Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province, China. We obtained the GHGs exchange values based on comparable price by calculating the carbon sequestration values and the GHGs emission values of marshes and paddy fields respectively in four periods of 1982, 1995, 2000 and 2005. It is noted that the GHGs emission values are always negative. In this study, the marshes areas decreased from 1438977.0 to 775,132.2ha and the paddy fields areas increased from 417195.8 to 934205.0ha. The values of GHGs exchange of marshes varied from 135877.156×106 to 136882.534×106 yuan (RMB) and those of paddy fields varied from 1006.256×106 to 2767.645×106 yuan. The GHGs exchange values of marshes decreased from 1982 to 2005 on the whole, reversely, those of paddy fields increased, but those in 2005 were lower than those in 2000. In different periods, the GHGs exchange values were always higher in marshes than in paddy fields. The contribution rate of GHGs exchange values per unit area of marshes was also very high in different periods, and the maximum was up to 98.35% in 2005. As far as the whole wetland ecosystem (including marshes and paddy fields), assuming a linear change in GHGs exchange values, it represented a cumulative increase of 20926.757×106 yuan from 1982 to 2005. By adding GHGs exchange values increased during those four periods, we obtained a cumulative net increase values of GHGs exchange of wetland ecosystem of 18200.860×106 yuan. The results will be useful for understanding the indirect services provided by marshes and paddy fields.     

MIS3以来黄土高原东南部石笋阶段性沉积记录的夏季风演化

基于山西龙洞8个铀钍年代和100个氧同位素数据(δ18O)重建了深海氧同位素(MIS)3阶段以来东亚夏季风演化历史。石笋L8沉积并不连续,主要生长在58.0~54.5, 27.1~18.0和6.8~3.9kaBP 3个阶段。不同于季风边缘区其他洞穴记录,石笋δ18O值在24.5kaBP突然增加1‰,表明MIS2早期内陆地区经历了一次显著的弱季风过程,可能响应于北大西洋Heinrich 2事件。石笋δ18O序列伴随着轨道尺度太阳辐射的变化,晚全新世δ18O值持续偏重意味着低纬热带辐合带逐步南移,导致北方地区夏季风降水持续减少。Dansgaard-Oeschger(D-O)15事件具有明显的双峰结构,与格陵兰冰心记录的亚千年尺度温度波动几乎同步变化。     

山西临汾盆地末次冰期时段湖相沉积中的H、D/O事件记录

千伏村剖面是一沉积延续时间跨越末次冰期时期的湖相沉积剖面。论文利用S1/L1、L1/S0界线年龄及OSL测年数据建立了剖面的深度-年龄坐标系。根据早期形成的分别与气下黄土和古土壤层发育时代对应的、指示不同气候条件下的湖相沉积层特征差异,论文遴选出小于4μm粘土组分含量、中值粒径（Md）、沉积物磁化率、有机质含量、Rb／Sr比值等参数作为区域气候指代参数。剖面系列气候指代参数的变化曲线显示,区域末次冰期期间出现了10个干冷期,发生时间分别在16.9ka B.P.,22.7ka B.P.,24.9ka B.P.,27.1ka B.P.,31.7ka B.P.,41.5ka B.P.,52.8ka B.P.,56.2ka B.P.,61.6ka B.P. 和67.5ka B.P.; 其中16.9ka B.P.,22.7ka B.P.,27.1ka B.P.,41.5ka B.P.,52.8ka B.P. 和67.5ka B.P. 可与北大西洋地区的H1~H6干冷期事件对应。剖面系列气候指代参数变化曲线也记录了区域18个暖湿事件,且这些事件可与北大西洋地区的 D/O 循环间冰阶事件对应。研究结果显示东亚地区末次冰期期间的气候高频波动可能与北大西洋地区存在某种联系。     

南海西南陆坡末次冰期以来的浮游有孔虫及其古气候意义

对南海西南陆坡区SA08-34柱状样浮游有孔虫进行了定量统计分析,并采用古生态转换函数FP-12E计算各样品所代表的海水表层古温度(SST),结合14C测年和CaCO3分析结果,揭示了该海域末次冰期以来的古海洋学特征。末次冰期以来SST具有较大的变化,其中冰后期SST冬季为24.85~26.23℃,夏季为28.81~29.36℃,季节温差为2.66~4.47℃;末次盛冰期SST有明显的周期性波动,SST冬季为23.60~26.86℃,夏季为28.45~29.63℃,季节温差为2.34~5.09℃;末次间冰段SST冬季为23.48~27.57℃,夏季为28.82~29.73℃,季节温差为2.16~5.34℃。南海西南陆坡区在末次冰期出现6次明显的海水表层降温事件,其中"新仙女木"事件的年代约为11.75~12.38 kaBP,H1-H4事件的年代分别约为15.51~16.76、21.15~22.40、26.79~27.42和34.31~34.94 kaBP。