兰州地区高云和气溶胶光学特性及其辐射效应

利用激光雷达探测分析了兰州上空的高云与气溶胶的光学参数,并用LOWTRAN7定量模拟出高云对气溶胶辐射特性的影响。结果表明,消光系数廓线与相对湿度廓线随高度的变化一致性较好,气溶胶层主要在2km以下,低层气溶胶和高云的消光系数和相对湿度较大。白天,高云的存在使云下气溶胶短波加热率减小。有云和无云时气溶胶加热率的差别在地表处最为明显,中午前后差别较大,最大为11:00的0.096K.h-1。夜间,高云的存在使云下气溶胶长波冷却率减小,在1000m以下有云和无云时气溶胶冷却率的差别小,在1000m以上差别大,最大差别出现在1500m处(02:00～04:00),为0.033K.h-1。     

城市气溶胶对太阳辐射的影响及其在边界层温度变化中的反映

本文利用冬季观测的兰州市区、邻近山顶以及郊区皋兰县的辐射资料和温度廓线资料,分析了兰州城市气溶胶对太阳辐射影响;并用二流近似累加法计算了低层大气吸收太阳辐射的加热率,其结果与低层大气上部的实际增温在数值上比较接近。分析了城市气溶胶短波辐射效应对边界层温度廓线分布的影响。表明城市烟雾层削弱了地面热通量但增加了低层大气中上部的增温,从而增加了城市低层大气的稳定度。     

Alfven脉动串级加热加速太阳风的二元流体模型

为研究太阳风的加速及加热机制，本又提出计算太阳风加速与加热的二元流体模型．该模型是建立在涂传治等提出的Alfven脉动的波能本级理论的基础上的．它能够描述从1Rs到1AU空间范围内太阳风的加速与加热，特别是它能够描述Alfven脉动的主要特性和Helios卫星对0.29－IAU空间范围内太阳风高速流的观测．上述结果说明Alfven波对太阳风的加速和加热有着十分重要的作用，并为研究太阳风的起源提供理论依据．     

初夏北半球500hPa遥相关型的强度和年际变化及其与我国季风降水的关系

用一点相关法计算了初夏北半球500hPa遥相关型,得到西大西洋型(WA)、欧亚型(EU)、孟加拉湾北太平洋型(BNP)、西太平洋型(WP)、东大西洋型(EA)、东亚太平洋型(EAP)、黄河东亚型(HEA).确定了它们的中心和历年(1951—1990)的强度指数。研究了它们的年际变化和我国季风雨的关系.指出,EU、HEA和EAP型波列与我国旱涝关系密切。对我国东部降水影响很大的是HEA型和EAP型.我国1991年初夏的大涝与强HEA型、弱EAP型有关.      

The effects of the Arctic haze as determined from airborne radiometric measurements during AGASP II

The interaction of the Aretic winter aerosol (Arctic haze) with solar radiation produces changes in the radiation field that result in the enhancement of scattering and absorption processes which alter the energy balance and solar energy distribution in the Arctic atmosphere-surface system. During the second Arctic Gas and Aerosols Sampling Project (AGASP II) field experiment, we measured radiation parameters using the NOAA WP-3D research aircraft as a platform. State-of-the-art instrumentation was used to measure in situ the absorption of solar radiation by the Arctic atmosphere during severe haze events. Simultaneously with the absorption measurements, we determined optical depths, and total, direct, and scattered radiation fields. All optical measurements were made at spectral bands centered at 412, 500, 675, and 778 nm and with a bandpass of 10 nm. With this selection of spectral regions we concentrated on the measurement of the radiative effects of the aerosol excluding most of the contributions by the gaseous components of the atmosphere. An additional measurement performed during these experiments was the determination of total solar spectrum fluxes. The experimentally determined parameters were used to define an aerosol model that was employed to deduce the absorption by the aerosols over the full solar spectrum and to calculate atmospheric heating rate profiles. The analyses summarized above allowed us to deduce the magnitude of the change in some important parameters. For example, we found changes in instantaneous heating rate of up to about 0.6 K/day. Besides the increased absorption (30 to 40%) and scattering of radiation by the atmosphere, the haze reduces the surface absorption of solar energy by 6 to 10% and the effective planetary albedo over ice surfaces by 3 to 6%. The vertical distribution of the absorbing aerosol is inferred from the flux measurements. Values for the specific absorption of carbon are found to be around 6 m²/g for externally mixed aerosol and about 11.7 m²/g for internally mixed aerosol. A complete study of the radiative effects of the Arctic haze should include infrared measurements and calculations as well as physics of the ice, snow, and water surfaces.     

An investigation of urban heat island intensity (UHII) as an indicator of urban heating

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the reliability of urban heat island intensity (UHII) as an indicator of urban heating. The diurnal patterns of air and surface-temperature based UHII and variations in urban and rural area heating were analyzed and discussed. The detailed air-temperature based UHII patterns were determined in one urban and four suburban areas of Hong Kong. UHII was determined as spatially-averaged air-temperature difference between an urban/suburban area and its surrounding rural area. Additionally, reported air and surface-temperature based UHII patterns were integrated in the discussion to carry out a comprehensive analysis. The urban and rural area heating variations (i.e., the diurnal variations in net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and heat stored by an area) were examined in the light of UHII patterns to validate UHII as an indicator for urban heating. It is noted that the air-temperature based UHIIs were higher and positive in the night-time but lower and negative during the daytime. On the other hand, most of the surface-temperature based UHIIs, investigated through satellite data were positive during both the daytime and night-time. It is revealed that UHII can well reflect urban heating during night-time and early morning. However, the lower and negative UHII during solar peak time (daytime when solar radiation is the dominant source of heating) has seemingly not been representing urban heating.     

黑龙江省50a来度日的时空分布特征

选用黑龙江省经过均一性检验的59个台站1961-2010年逐日最高、最低气温计算全省逐年热度日（HDD）、冷度日（CDD）,分析其趋势及年代际和空间分布特征。结果表明：50 a来HDD总体呈显著的下降趋势,CDD整体表现为显著上升趋势。HDD基本上呈现由北向南递减趋势,CDD与HDD呈相反的变化特征,二者纬向分布明显。HDD与CDD均与对应时段平均气温具有较高的相关性,HDD与冷季平均气温呈反位相变化,CDD同暖季平均气温呈同位相变化。随着气候变暖,冷季用于供暖的能源将减少,暖季制冷所需的能源消耗将不断增加。     

吉林省冬季气温变化对采暖期的影响

利用1960—2009年吉林省46个测站平均气温和最低气温资料,利用采暖强度、采暖指数、气温趋势倾向和M-K检验方法,分析吉林省采暖期气温变化特征及变化规律。结果表明：吉林省采暖期平均气温、最低气温均呈上升趋势,低于-20℃的日数明显减少。近50 a平均气温、最低气温趋势倾向值为0.24℃/10 a、0.42℃/10 a;特别是近10 a来上升趋势明显,平均气温、最低气温倾向值为0.84℃/10 a、1.25℃/10 a,最低气温的升温趋势较为明显。吉林省采暖开始日呈推迟趋势,采暖结束日呈提前趋势,从而使采暖期日数缩短。根据突变分析,采暖期气温变化的突变年为1985年。吉林省采暖期长、采暖强度强的年份大部分出现在20世纪80年代中期以前;采暖期短、采暖强度弱的年份多出现在80年代以后。采暖指数分析表明,20世纪80年代中期以前,采暖指数以正值为主;80年代中期以后,采暖指数以负值为主,90年代均为负值,但在近10 a采暖指数波动幅度加大。由于采暖强度降低、采暖期日数缩短,合理利用气温条件开展采暖工作,可以减少向大气排放CO2、SO2和NO2,对减缓气候变暖、改善大气环境质量有重要的现实意义。     

1961—2001年青藏高原大气热源的气候特征

文中利用ECMWF逐日再分析资料,用"倒算法"计算了1961-2001年青藏高原上空热量源汇,并分析了高原上空大气热量分布的气候状况.结果表明:(1)3-9月,高原上空为热源,热源最强在6月;10-2月是热汇,热汇最强在12月.整个高原上空,全年大气热鼋状况主要表现为热源持续时间长,且热源强度较热汇要大得多.对整层热源贡献最大的因子是垂直输送项.(2)从大气加热的垂直廓线来看,热源最大值层出现的高度随季节基本没有变化,集中在600-500 hPa,但加热的强度和厚度却随季节是变化的;而热汇最大值层和强度随季节是变化的.(3)高原整层(Q1)的水平分布复杂,表现出强的区域性特征:高原热源西部变化比东部迅速,4-8月西部热源强度明显强于东部.春季,高原西部热源增强迅速,在5月出现200 W/m2中心,比东部提前1个月.7月整个高原热源开始向南减弱,西部热源至10月转为热汇,比东部又提前了1个月.(4)自1979年后,各季节高原热源变化均表现出1990年前后的气候转变信号.夏季,高原热源变率表现为南北反位相型,其他季节为高原的中部-东北部与高原东南部反位相型.