环境同位素和模糊聚类法研究堤坝渗漏

利用环境同位素方法对高水河堤防几个典型段进行了渗漏分析,查明了其地下水的渗漏来源,结果表明,江都船厂段T1#孔、小菜谭段T23#孔中的地下水为河水补给来源,T5#孔附近的黑鱼塘水为当地降雨补给,万寿宫段T7#孔中的地下水为河水和当地降雨的混合。由于环境同位素的分析方法只能定性的说明问题,笔者尝试应用模糊聚类方法,选取环境同位素和水化学值作为指标特征值,并赋与不同的权重,进行模糊聚类分析,分析结果与环境同位素、水化学分析结论一致。     

环境同位素在水循环研究中的应用

环境同位素广泛存在于自然界水体中,在降水、地表水、地下水、土壤水和植物体内相互转化的水循环过程中,同位素的分馏效应导致不同水体具有不同的同位素含量。利用不同水体同位素含量之间的差异,可研究它们之间的相互转化方式及转化量。介绍了环境同位素在大气降水和降水-地表水-地下水“三水”之间转化中的研究进展,并阐述了其在水循环应用中存在的问题及应用前景。     

扎龙湿地包气带土壤水分垂直运移的稳定同位素研究

实测了扎龙湿地包气带土壤水以及芦苇的稳定同位素变化,通过建立模型和分析数据展开了湿地包气带土壤垂向水流运动情况的同位素示踪研究,分层计算了土壤水垂直运移量,建立起时段内通过土壤某一水平断面的土壤水垂直运移量与时段降雨量、时段土壤含水量变化的关系,分析结果对确定湿地垂向水流补给有重要意义。     

宁南清水河盆地地下水循环特征与苦咸水成因

奉义以宁南清水河断陷盆地为例，研究西北干旱区储水盆地水循环特征与苦咸水成因机制。通过环境同位素特征分析，水化学模拟计算以及水文地质控制因素分析，阐明研究区地下水主要由大气降水补给形成，地表水难以形成持续性补给源；清水河平原地下水从形成上划分为：浅层现代水、深层古水、混合水。现状开采条件下，浅层现代水与深层占水的定量转化关系为山前洪积扇地下水7．6：2．4，平原下游地下水3，2：6．8，平原丰要开采区地下水5．2：4．8～6．6：3．4；山前洪积扇和冲积平原浅层地下水循环时间为7－28年，下游平原深层地下水循环时间为300年以上，上游冲积平原中深层地下水，总体上介于以上二者之间。各主要开采区，可更新能力在人工开采条件下明显增强，时间为60～75年；研究区苦咸水主要是地下水溶解了含水层介质中大昔的膏盐，矿化度增高所致。     

Carbon isotope composition of the Lower Triassic marine carbonates, Lower Yangtze Region, South China

The Early Triassic is a critical period in earth his- tory. A series of events such as volcano eruptions[1,2], sea-level fluctuations, changes in environmental con- ditions[3], mass extinctions[4,5] as well as global negative carbon isotope excursions[6-9] have been discovered in the uppermost Permian or across the Permian-Triassic boundary. Large scale sea-level rise[10-12], restoration of environment conditions, re- covery of ecosystem[13], including gradual carbon iso- tope rise[14] occur…     

Distribution and fractionation mechanism of stable carbon isotope of coalbed methane

The stable carbon isotope values of coalbed methane range widely, and also are gener- ally lighter than that of gases in normal coal-formed gas fields with similar coal rank. There exists strong carbon isotope fractionation in coalbed methane and it makes the carbon isotope value lighter. The correlation between the carbon isotope value and Ro in coalbed methane is less obvious. The coaly source rock maturity cannot be judged by coalbed methane carbon isotope value. The carbon isotopes of coalbed methane become lighter in much different degree due to the hydrodynamics. The stronger the hydrodynamics is, the lighter the CBM carbon isotopic value becomes. Many previous investigations indicated that the desorption-diffusion effects make the carbon isotope value of coalbed methane lighter. However, the explanation has encountered many problems. The authors of this arti- cle suggest that the flowing groundwater dissolution to free methane in coal seams and the free methane exchange with absorbed one is the carbon isotope fractionation mechanism in coalbed methane. The flowing groundwater in coal can easily take more 13CH4 away from free gas and com- paratively leave more 12CH4. This will make 12CH4 density in free gas comparatively higher than that in absorbed gas. The remaining 12CH4 in free gas then exchanges with the adsorbed methane in coal matrix. Some absorbed 13CH4 can be replaced and become free gas. Some free 12CH4 can be ab- sorbed again into coal matrix and become absorbed gas. Part of the newly replaced 13CH4 in free gas will also be taken away by water, leaving preferentially more 12CH4. The remaining 12CH4 in free gas will exchange again with adsorbed methane in the coal matrix. These processes occur all the time. Through accumulative effect, the 12CH4 will be greatly concentrated in coal. Thus, the stable carbon isotope of coalbed methane becomes dramatically lighter. Through simulation experiment on wa- ter-dissolved methane, it had been proved that the flowing water could fractionate the carbon isotope of methane, and easily take heavy carbon isotope away through dissolution.     

In situ cosmogenic ~(10)Be dating of the Quaternary glaciations in the southern Shaluli Mountain on the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

It is generally considered that four-times ice age happened during the Quaternary epoch on the Tibetan Plateau. However, the research on the chronology of the four-times ice age is far from enough. The Shaluli Mountain on the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau is an ideal place for plaeo-glacier study, because there are abundant Quaternary glacial remains there. This paper discusses the ages of the Quaternary glaciations, based on the exposure dating of roche moutonnée, moraines and gla- cial erosion surfaces using in situ cosmogenic isotopes 10Be. It is found that the exposure age of the roche moutonnée at Tuershan is 15 ka, corresponding to Stage 2 of the deep-sea oxygen isotope, suggesting that the roche moutonnée at Tuershan is formed in the last glacial maximum. The expo- sure age of glacial erosion surface at Laolinkou is 130―160 ka, corresponding to Stage 6 of the deep-sea oxygen isotope. The oldest end moraine at Kuzhaori may form at 421―766 kaBP, corre- sponding to Stages 12―18 of the deep-sea oxygen isotope. In accordance with the climate charac- teristic of stages 12,14,16 and 18 reflected by the deep-sea oxygen isotope, polar ice cores and loess sequence, the oldest end moraine at Kuzhaori may form at stage 12 or stage 16, the latter is more possible.     

Lithium isotope fractionation in the southern Cascadia subduction zone

We present lithium (Li) abundances and isotope compositions for a suite of anhydrous olivine tholeiites (HAOTs) and hydrous basalt-andesitic (BA) lavas from the Mt. Shasta and Medicine Lake regions, California. The values of δ⁷Li vary from + 0.9‰ to + 6.4‰ and correlate inversely with distance from the trench. These data are consistent with continuous isotope fractionation of Li during dehydration of the subducted oceanic lithosphere, an interpretation corroborated by uniformly high pre-eruptive H₂O contents in basaltic andesites accompanied by high Li, Rb, Sr, Ba and Pb abundances. The subduction-derived component that was added to these hydrous magmas is shown to be very similar beneath both Mt. Shasta and Medicine Lake volcanoes despite characteristically distinct Li isotope compositions in the magmas themselves. More evolved andesites and dacites from Mt. Shasta have δ⁷Li from + 2.8 to + 6.9‰ which is identical with the range obtained for HAOTs and BA lavas from Mt. Shasta. Therefore, Li isotopes do not provide evidence for any other crustal component admixed to Mt. Shasta andesites or dacites during magmatic differentiation and magma mixing in the crust.     

Carbon isotope ratios of C_4 plants in loess areas of North China

Recent stable carbon isotope studies have shown that the occurrence of C4 plants on the Earth was much later than that of C3 plants and there was a global ex-pansion of C4 biomass around 5―8 million years ago[1]. Although far fewer species use the C4 pat…     

GasBench-IRMS在碳酸盐岩δ^13C和δ^18O在线连续分析中的应用

采用GasBench-IRMS气体质谱分析技术，实现了碳酸盐岩中碳氧同位素的在线连续分析。优化了色谱柱温、离子源参数等工作条件，排除了空气中N2O的干扰。结果表明，色谱柱柱温为40℃、65℃时，方法线性范围较宽，结果准确可靠。方法用于碳酸盐岩国家一级标准物质中δ^13C和δ^18O的测定，结果与标准值一致。