Comment on: Mass Fractions of Forty‐Six Major and Trace Elements,Including Rare Earth Elements,in Sediment and Soil Reference Materials Used in Environmental Studies. Fiket et al. (2017), Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 41, 123–135

This paper is intended to be a constructive discussion of Fiket et al. (2017, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research , 41 , 123–135), who dealt with the determination of major, trace and rare earth elements in several sediment and soil certified reference materials. In the present author's view, the paper by Fiket et al. (2017) suffers from a lack of reference to several publications in which somewhat similar results had already been reported. The present contribution therefore provides a comparison of previously published results with those of Fiket et al. for the CRMs soil NCS DC 77302 (GBW 07410), stream sediment NCS DC 73309 (GBW 07311), marine sediments MESS‐3 and NCS DC 75301 (GBW 07314) and estuarine sediment IAEA‐405. It is argued that this fuller consideration (a) allows critical evaluation of the quality of the results presented by Fiket et al. and (b) highlights the advantages of their work. Finally, attention is drawn to the (possible or real) problems that can arise during simultaneous determination of multiple trace elements.     

Study on wetting deformation characteristics of coarse granular materials and its simulation in core-wall rockfill dams

The wetting deformation of coarse granular materials is often considered to be an important cause of the core wall rockfill dam cracks during impounding. By analyzing existing research results, this paper proposes a hyperbolic relationship between the wetting axial strain and wetting stress level and puts forwards a warped surface relationship among spherical stress, shear stress, and the ratio of wetting volumetric strain to wetting axial strain. To illustrate its practicability, the wetting strain model's parameter determination process is introduced and the rockfill materials wetting parameters are determined using the triaxial wetting test data. Moreover, the collapse settlement of Guanyinyan rockfill dam during first impounding is numerically simulated using the proposed method to calculate rockfill wetting deformation and verified by field measurements and monitoring data. The results show that the calculative method of wetting deformation proposed in this paper is reasonable and practical; the wetting deformation of upstream rockfill materials would cause an adverse deformation trend, which may lead to crack occurrence at the upstream slope and dam crest; and the Guanyinyan rockfill dam cracks on the top of junction mainly caused by the wetting deformation of upstream rockfill.     

3种水稻土时间序列黏粒矿物的组合特征与物源指示意义

对南方丘陵区3种不同母质水稻土时间序列黏粒矿物的X-射线衍射（XRD）进行分析发现：① 紫色砂页岩（PS）母质起源土壤的黏粒矿物以高岭石类似矿物为主;第四纪红黏土（RC）母质起源土壤的黏粒矿物以高岭石类似矿物、伊利石类似矿物与三羟铝石为主;红砂岩（RS）母质起源土壤的黏粒矿物以1.4 nm过渡矿物、高岭石类似矿物与三羟铝石为主。② 这3种母质土壤种稻后黏粒矿物的变化大体可分为2种情况。RC与RS母质的起源土壤种稻后,土壤黏粒矿物的变化相对较小,伊利石类似矿物相对含量有所增加,这可能主要与钾肥的持续施用有关。PS母质的起源土壤种稻后,土壤黏粒矿物变化相对较大,表现为高岭石类似矿物相对含量降低,低结晶度的伊利石或次生绿泥石与三羟铝石相对含量上升。PS母质发育的土壤种稻后脱钾明显且主要集中在原生矿物部分。这种原生矿物的脱钾作用对土壤黏粒含量和黏粒矿物的类型都有较大影响。③ 起源土壤的黏粒矿物通常会被水稻土所继承,并在水稻土发育过程中相对稳定,可以用其来指示起源土壤（或母质）的物源组分。     

聚能爆破在石材切割应用中的试验研究

摘 要 简单分析了聚能爆破装药在孔内爆破的力学效应‚阐明了聚能爆破对岩石定向破裂 的控制机理。在聚能爆破切割石材过程中‚聚能射流起到前期切割出定向裂缝的作用‚石材 的最终开裂由后期爆破产生的气体的准静态胀楔作用来完成。通过提高炸药爆速、增大装药 密度等方法可以提高聚能装药爆炸后形成射流的能量和改善聚能爆破切割石材的效果。     

材料研究与制备过程中的几个矿物学岩石学问题

在材料的研究与制备过程中往往会遇到很多有趣的矿物学、岩石学问题。这些问题有些是矿物学工作者和材料研究者所熟悉的,是材料研究者直接利用了矿物学工作者的研究成果。而有些问题是材料研究者首先发现,并将其中的某些条件加以利用,但缺少深入的矿物学理论研究;还有些工作是矿物学工作者得到的矿物学纯理论研究成果,但却不知如何应用到材料的开发与研究中。这就造成了介于矿物学与材料学之间的一个薄弱环节。这个薄弱环节为矿物、岩石工作者提供了一个广阔的研究领域和很多富有诱惑力的崭新的研究课题。于是一个新的分支学科———矿…     

Determination of Zirconium, Niobium, Hafnium and Tantalum at ng g-1 Levels in Geological Materials by Direct Nebulisation of Sample HF Solution into FI-ICP-MS

We have developed a rapid and accurate method to determine Zr, Nb, Hf and Ta (denoted as HFSE) in geological samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry fitted with a flow injection system (FI-ICP-MS). The method involves sample decomposition by HF followed by HF dissolution of HFSE coprecipitated with insoluble M and Ca fluoride residues formed during the initial HF attack. This HF solution was directly nebulized into an ICP mass spectrometer. An external calibration curve method and an isotope dilution method (ID) were applied for the determination of Nb and Ta, and of Zr and Hf, respectively. Recovery yields of HFSE were > 96% for peridotite, basalt and andesite compositions, apart from Zr and Hf for peridotite (> 85%). No matrix effects for either signal intensities of HFSE or isotope ratios of Zr and Hf were observed in basalt, andesite and peridotite solutions down to a dilution factor of 100. Detection limits in silicate rocks were 40, 2, 1 and 0.1 ng g-1 for Zr, Nb, Hf and Ta, respectively. This technique required only 0.1 ml of sample solution, and thus is suitable for analysing small and/or precious samples such as meteorites, mantle peridotites and their mineral separates. We also present newly determined data for the Zr, Nb, Hf and Ta concentrations in USGS silicate reference materials DTS-1, PCC-1, BCR-1, BHVO-1 and AGV-1, GSJ reference materials JB-1, -2, -3, JA-1, -2 and -3, and the Smithsonian reference Allende powder.     

固体浮力材料海洋生物污损及其防护研究进展

固体浮力材料为水下设备设施提供必要的浮力,是海洋开发和作业不可缺少的重要材料,其长期在海洋环境中使用,容易受到海洋生物污损的影响。海洋污损生物附着在固体浮力材料表面,会对浮力材料本身和使用浮力材料的设备产生严重的危害,导致浮力材料性能下降、功能受损,严重影响了水下设施设备的使用寿命及经济价值。本文通过检索近阶段固体浮力材料及海洋生物污损领域的研究进展,总结了固体浮力材料的特性、海洋生物污损原理和污损防护技术。重点分析和比较了各类防护技术的作用机理、适用范围及优缺点,评估了复合防护法和新型防护法的发展及应用前景,基于工程实践经验针对固体浮力材料防污技术的未来发展趋势进行了探讨并提出了建议。     

Settlement‐time behaviour of granular embankments

Creep settlements are the main cause of deterioration of road pavement and impervious elements of dams, and therefore a method to calculate them is needed. Viscoelastic models (e.g. the standard linear solid) have been chosen to represent the creep of granular materials (Figure 1). Finite element calculations show that quasi‐oedometric conditions exist near the centre of embankments. Explicit expressions for one‐dimensional viscoelastic settlements of an embankment during and after construction have been obtained for any loading law and drawn for a linear load. The three viscoelastic parameters, E_o, R_c and T_r can be determined through laboratory or field testing, and the results can be adjusted by using settlement records. Good agreement has been found between measured and calculated settlements at several dams. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

国家地震应急救援物资综合管理平台建设

针对目前中国地震应急救援物资管理中办法互有差异、系统各有不同,信息化和标准化程度较低,难以统计物资储备的现状,且不易在震后应急救援中对物资进行快速合理地调度等问题,提出数据资源化、业务标准化和服务智能化的解决方案,以此研究并建设面向全国各地震应急救援物资管理单位,统一化的服务于地震应急救援保障与决策的物资信息综合管理平台。该平台已在中国地震应急搜救中心上线,运行结果表明,有效提升了地震应急救援物资综合管理、使用和分析的水平,可解决目前存在的问题,对地震应急救援保障与决策具有重要意义。关键词地震应急;应急救援物资;管理平台     

An averaging procedure for layered materials

In order to model thin‐layered soils a special averaging procedure is proposed. It works with very few restrictions imposed on the constitutive equations used for individual materials. General considerations are followed by an example from open pit mining industry. Geometrical non‐linearity is considered. The proposed method is not necessarily restricted to the problems of soil mechanics. It could also be applied on composite materials. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.