黑吉蒙交界地区小震活动图像与附近中强震关系浅析

主要研究1970年以来东北地区历次中强震前,黑吉蒙交界地区小震活动图像特征,结果发现该区的小震活动集中与否对发生在嫩江断裂两侧的中强震有一定的指示意义,并结合地质构造和部分学者的研究成果对本研究结果进行了初步分析。     

基于FushionCharts与ArcIMS的统计制图与应用分析

随着Internet与WebGIS的迅速发展,WebGIS统计专题图应用越来越广泛。ArcIMS提供了一种制作统计专题图的功能,并通过网络进行发布的途径,但其统计专题图制作功能尚不完善。本文针对这一情况,介绍了一种FusionCharts图表组件与ArcIMS结合制作统计专题图的方法。该方法有两个关键技术点:第一是采用面向对象的技术,将源数据转化成FusionChart图表支持的XML数据格式这一过程封装成函数;第二是先将矢量地图与统计图表生成分开,矢量地图在服务器端生成,然后,调用已封装函数将每个图表所需数据转化成XML数据流并与矢量地图一起发送到客户端,最后,客户端flash插件解析XML并生成图表,与矢量地图叠加生成统计专题图。最后以北京都市型现代信息平台为例,对FushionCharts与ArcIMS结合制件统计专题图进行了应用,实践表明,此法相对于传统ArcIMS制作统计专题图不仅使用简单、生成的图表类型多样、动态而美观,且制图速度快。     

The heritage and cultural values of ancient Chinese maps

Ancient Chinese cartography dates back to the Western Jin Dynasty in the third century. Cartography was initiated during this period by Pei Xiu, a minister and cartographic expert, who suggested six principles of cartography. Pei Xiu, who is known as the father of Chinese cartography, oversaw the completion of the “Yu Gong Regional Maps”, along with 18 articles and the “Terrain Fangzhang Map” (AD 224–271). This led to a number of subsequent cartographic initiatives including the “Wooden Fangzhang Map” (an administrative map) which was completed by Xie Zhuang, a minister during the Southern Dynasties (AD 502–557), “Haineihuayi Tu” (Map of China and its neighbouring countries) (AD 730–805), drawn by Jia Dan, a cartographer of the Tang Dynasty, and “Shouling Tu” (an administrative map, AD 1031–1095), drawn by Shen Kuo, a scientist during the Northern Song Dynasty. Throughout the 16th century, ancient Chinese cartography developed continuously and cumulatively, and formed the specific characteristics of China ancient cartography. Although Western latitude- based and longitude-based mapping techniques introduced to China in AD 1460, the theories and methods of Chinese and Western mapping systems co-existed for over 400 years. The cultural heritage of Chinese cartography can be seen in many famous ancient Chinese maps, including astronomical figures and atlases (world, Chinese, regional, military, water conservancy, historical, and educational maps), charts, and maps of scenic spots. These have hitherto been kept in well-known archives and institutions across the world. They form an important part of the global cultural heritage of ancient maps and cartography. Given their high cultural value, these maps remain an important point of study. This paper provides a preliminary discussion on the rarity, application, and the historical, scientific, and artistic value of ancient Chinese maps.     

顾及形变控制的小屏幕变比例尺交通路线图生成方法

用户在旅游或者室外运动中经常将路线图显示于移动设备上以方便规划路线。然而移动设备显示屏幕通常较小,若较大范围的地图通过等比例尺缩小在小屏幕显示,可能会导致清晰度和辨识度的降低,尤其对于地图中地物较为密集的区域。本文提出一种自动化生成变比例尺地图的方法,通过更加均匀化地图显示内容密度分布以改善地图概览清晰度。在该方法中,首先对密度分布进行估计,密度估计主要考虑地图上路线空间分布以及地标与注记显示空间,然后根据所得到的密度分布进行变比例尺转换,最终生成的变比例尺结果图,其大小取决于给定显示尺寸。相较于现有变比例尺转换方法,本文提出的方法可以考虑了地标与注记显示空间,同时又能有效控制地图变形以提高地图识别。实验结果表明,通过本方法生成变比例尺结果图对地图概览的清晰度有着显著提高,并且能够保持良好的地图识别度。     

GIS-based prospectivity-mapping based on geochemical multivariate analysis technology: A case study of MVT Pb–Zn deposits in the Huanyuan-Fenghuang district,northwestern Hunan Province,China

This paper demonstrates a partial least-squares regression (PLS) method for geochemical modelling, and then uses the models and geological favourable features to obtain mineral potential maps. The PLS is one of multivariate analysis technologies, which can identify variations in associations and correlations among geochemical elements and mineralisation. The method is here used to calculate principal components as well as to identify correlations between Pb–Zn (mineralization) and 25 stream sediment elements for constructing geochemical models in the Huayuan-Fenghuang district of northwestern Hunan Province, China. The models showing the distribution of geochemical anomaly are useful in interpreting the distribution of faults and the Cambrian Qingxudong Formation (ore-bearing formation), and to better define the architecture on mineralisation in the study area. In addition, the models and other favourable features (proxies) are easily integrated into single possibility map by Boost Weights-of-Evidence (Boost WofE) approach for targets.     

Coastal hazard assessment and mapping in Northern Campania, Italy

In the Northern Campanian coastal zone, over 150 km long, three geomorphic units are recognised: (1) sandy beaches that are well developed in the northern area, where a prominent river mouth (Volturno River) is also present; (2) steep and rocky shores, often with gravelly beaches or debris cones at their base, are mainly diffuse in the southern area (Sorrentine Peninsula); and, lastly, (3) “techno coast”, shorelines stabilized with revetments and seawalls as well as former natural environments no longer clearly operational because of urbanization, as is visible in Naples and in the Vesuvian coast. Six primary hazards are considered in this investigation: shoreline erosion, riverine flooding, storms, landslides, seismicity and volcanism, and man-made structures. These hazards do not have a uniform distribution along this coast in terms of their frequency and intensity; moreover both their interaction and the intensive action of humans, often uncontrolled, makes it difficult to assess the overall coastal hazard. In this paper a semi-quantitative method with which to quantify, rank and map the distribution of hazard is applied along this particular stretch of coast. In such a stretch, previously characterized in terms of types and processes and compartmentalized into geomorphic units, the effect of individual hazards, based on their magnitude and recurrence, is evaluated. Dominant and subordinate hazards for each geomorphic unit are identified, assigning a rank that is also a weighting. Comparison of each weighting through an interaction matrix permits the calculation of a resultant, which is the overall hazard assessment and which can be expressed cartographically. The results obtained for a coastal zone with one of the highest pressures from urbanization in the world, help us to recognise that this approach could become a useful tool to aid decision-making regarding coastal land-use and planning.     

地裂缝灾害发生机理与“三图法”评价方法研究——以山西榆次地裂缝研究为例

地质灾害定量评价是实施防灾、减灾工作的基础依据。本文在采用室内相似材料物理仿真模拟试验和非线性分形几何特征分析基础上,论述了榆次地裂缝的形成机理和基本发育特征与规律。并且,应用现代先进的地理信息系统(GIS)与非线性人工神经网络(ANN)耦合评价理论和方法,定量研究地质灾害形成的自然属性,对灾害危险性进行评价分区(第一图);然后,根据承灾体分布特征和当地社会、经济、环境和城市建设发展状况,应用地理信息系统与层次分析法(AHP)耦合理论与方法,定量研究地质灾害发生的社会属性,对承灾体易损性进行评价分区(第二图);综合地质灾害的自然和社会属性,应用地理信息系统技术,根据多源地学信息复合原理,对地质灾害危险性分区图与易损性分区图实施复合叠加,确定出地质灾害危害性评价分区图(第三图)。文章最后总结提出了地质灾害定量评价的“三图法”基本理论和方法。     

Impact of the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program on Operations of the Richard H. Hagemeyer Pacific Tsunami Warning Center

The first 7 years of the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) have had a significant positive impact on operations of the Richard H. Hagemeyer Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC). As a result of its seismic project, the amount and quality of real-time seismic data flowing into PTWC has increased dramatically, enabling more rapid, accurate, and detailed analyses of seismic events with tsunamigenic potential. Its tsunameter project is now providing real-time tsunameter data from seven strategic locations in the deep ocean to more accurately measure tsunami waves as they propagate from likely source regions toward shorelines at risk. These data have already been used operationally to help evaluate potential tsunami threats. A new type of tsunami run-up gauge has been deployed in Hawaii to more rapidly assess local tsunamis. Lastly, numerical modeling of tsunamis done with support from the NTHMP is beginning to provide tools for real-time tsunami forecasting that should reduce the incidence of unnecessary warnings and provide more accurate forecasts for destructive tsunamis.     

Prehistoric and recent mass movements of the World Cultural Heritage Site Hallstatt, Austria

Hallstatt Village, located in the Austrian Alps, is designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization as part of the World Cultural Heritage Site Hallstatt–Dachstein. This region is recognized for its salt deposits that have been exploited since the Neolithic period. In former times, these salt deposits were very rare and precious. Due to unfortunate bedding conditions, mass movements have been frequent in the past and continue to affect the site today. These active and inactive mass movements were mapped geotechnically to a scale of 1:5,000 and the mineralogical and mechanical properties of the main instable soft rocks were investigated. Rock spreads, rock slides, rock falls, rock topples, earth flows and earth and debris slides are the primary types of mass movements recorded. They are most frequently observed in areas affected by mining, though they may also occur in areas where no anthropogenic influence is recognized. Evidence exists in the archaeological record that indicates prehistoric mining activities were also seriously affected by the impact of mass movements.