A comparison of alternative criteria for defining fuzzy boundaries on fuzzy categorical maps

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试论地质灾害与可持续发展

叙述了地质灾害的类型、成因,危害及对可持续发展影响的指标体系与评价结果,指出,人与自然环境的不协调发展导致了灾害的频繁发生,提出了防灾减灾的措施。     

山西煤炭资源开采诱发地面塌陷灾害的防治

叙述了山西省煤炭开采区地面塌陷的现状,确定出山西地面塌陷的系数为２３３５ｍ＾２,预测到２００２年山西全省的塌陷面积将达到２７００ｋｍ＾２,提出应对地面塌陷区进行综合防治和开发的建议。     

20世纪的十大灾难性地震(待续)

叙述了 2 0世纪全球 10次灾难性地震发生的时间、震级、地点、伤亡人数、建筑物遭破坏以及救灾的情况 ,记述了一些地震的前兆现象和经济损失。     

Self‐Organized Cognitive Maps

This paper argues cognitive mapping is a learning process that can be simulated by a self‐organizing neural network. The learning of city locations was considered in two studies. One study focused on the learning of city locations on four continents. Results indicated the neural network aligned the cities producing systematic errors similar to those in human cognitive maps. A second study had a neural network learn a biased sample of city locations in the United States. Results indicated a non‐linear relationship between cognitive and physical distances. Self‐organized cognitive maps naturally produce this non‐linear relationship when information from more than one scale is mapped into one space.     

L波段InSAR数据观测的北京及其周边2007—2010年间累计地壳形变基本特征

地壳形变是评估地震灾害和地质灾害的重要依据之一。 北京及其周边地区的形变状况一直以来缺乏全面、 可靠的观测数据, 阻碍了对该地区这两种灾害的客观认识。 本研究利用L波段InSAR形变观测数据, 调查北京及其周边190 km×150 km范围内, 约3年时间内的累积地壳形变, 详细给出北京地区2007—2010年间的地壳形变基本特征, 为认识该地区的灾害提供参考。 研究结果显示, 该地区主要地壳形变源为地下水开采造成的地面沉降, 观测时间内累积的最大雷达视线向形变达到了37.6 cm。 地面沉降的严重影响, 以及大气噪声的干扰, 造成活动构造变形很难从现有数据定量分辨出来, 但可以确定在此观测期间内较大尺度(长度>50~100 km)的断层活动及其构造变形比较微弱, 对北京地区的地壳形变贡献较小。 最重要的一点是, 北京地区的地壳形变呈条块状分布, 清晰显示地面沉降与活动构造, 特别是NW走向的南口—孙河断层, 存在较强的相关性。     

2011年10月16日新疆精河县5.0级地震震害特征及发震构造

通过对新疆精河5.0级地震现场调查,分析了灾区局部场地效应及房屋震害特征,对震害特点进行了较为全面的分析总结。震害调查显示,灾区房屋主要以老旧的土坯房为主,地震作用使本身老旧的房屋裂缝加宽,破坏加重。同时,受局部场地差异影响,灾区房屋震害具有明显的南北分带的特点。另外,根据地震现场考察,此次地震的发震构造为库松木楔克山前断层,该断裂是发育在北天山山前逆冲推覆体前缘的一条全新世活动断层,沿断裂断错晚更新世以来的各级地貌面和沟谷阶地,并在地表形成断层陡坎和古地震地表变形遗迹。     

Heavy Metal Contamination in Arable Soils and Vegetables around a Sulfuric Acid Factory,China

This study was designed to investigate heavy metal (Tl, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni) contamination levels of arable soils and vegetables grown in the vicinity of a sulfuric acid factory in the Western Guangdong Province, China. Health risks associated with these metals by consumption of vegetables were assessed based on the hazard quotient (HQ). The soils show a most significant contamination of Tl, followed by Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni. The heavy metal contents (µg/g, dry weight basis) in the edible parts of vegetables range from 5.60 to 105 for Tl, below detection limit to 227 for Pb, 5.0–30.0 for Cu, 10.0–82.9 for Zn, and 0.50–26.0 for Ni, mostly exceeding the proposed maximum permissible level in Germany or China. For the studied vegetables, the subterranean part generally bears higher contents of Tl and Zn than the aerial part, while the former has lower contents of Cu and Ni than the latter. In addition, the results reveal that Tl is the major risk contributor for the local people since its HQ values are mostly much higher than 1.0. The potential health risk of Tl pollution in the food chain and the issue of food safety should be highly concerned and kept under continued surveillance and control.     

基于增强现实技术的纸质地图增强表达与交互

近年来随着计算机技术的发展,特别是增强现实技术的出现,使纸质地图的“增强”表达和交互分析成为可能。文章探讨了基于增强现实技术的纸质地图增强表达与交互分析流程方法,认为纸质地图增强表达和交互功能的关键技术在于：纸质地图标识的计算机识别,增强地图的空间匹配方法,增强地图的显示和交互方法;同时通过实验研发了原型系统并予以实现。利用增强现实技术扩展了纸质地图的可视化表达方法,把丰富的地理信息和纸质地图结合起来,打破了传统地图可视化的静态表现形式,提供了丰富的人机交互方式,能增强人对地理信息的多维动态感知能力,也增强补充了地图对现实世界的描述。     

Integrating TRMM and MODIS satellite with socio-economic vulnerability for monitoring drought risk over a tropical region of India

Drought is a recurring feature of the climate, responsible for social and economic losses in India. In the present work, attempts were made to estimate the drought hazard and risk using spatial and temporal datasets of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in integration with socio-economic vulnerability. The TRMM rainfall was taken into account for trend analysis and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) estimation, with aim to investigate the changes in rainfall and deducing its pattern over the area. The SPI and average rainfall data derived from TRMM were interpolated to obtain the spatial and temporal pattern over the entire South Bihar of India, while the MODIS datasets were used to derive the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) deviation in the area. The Geographical Information System (GIS) is taken into account to integrate the drought vulnerability and hazard, in order to estimate the drought risk over entire South Bihar. The results indicated that approximately 36.90% area is facing high to very high drought risk over north-eastern and western part of South Bihar and need conservation measurements to combat this disaster.