孟加拉湾季风对热带气旋生成和发展的调制机制研究

孟加拉湾与其他热带海盆不同,在季风影响下,该地区热带气旋具有双气旋季的独特结构(4—5月的春季转换期和10—11月的秋季转换期)。虽然孟加拉湾气旋频数在10—11月较多,但是4—5月超强气旋(Saffir-Simpson 4,5级)的生成率却远高于10—11月。1981—2016年,春季转换期内孟加拉湾超强气旋都与第一支北传季节内振荡(First Northward-propagating Intra-Seasonal Oscillation,FNISO)相应而生,然而并不是所有伴随FNISO发生的气旋都能发展成为超强气旋。因此本研究以气旋生成指数为基础,利用气旋最佳轨道数据以及NCEP的海气参量数据,诊断指出孟加拉湾夏季风形成的强垂直风速剪切配合低层大气旋度和气旋潜在强度抵消夏季风期间水汽对气旋生成的促进作用,造成双峰分布,而中层大气相对湿度差异双峰不对称的主因。FNISO强度的不同与深对流中心与气旋中心的相对位置的差异,使得部分气旋受季节内振荡影响更大,强深对流的超越作用导致更显著的高低层大气温差,促使气旋具有且达到更大的潜在强度。在年际尺度上大气高低层温差的不同也是引起气旋潜在强度不同的主要原因。当季节内尺度和年际尺度共同作用,使得部分气旋发展成为超强气旋。     

广东汕头湾表层沉积物重金属含量分布及风险评价

汕头湾地处汕头东部,是珠三角经济区和海峡西岸经济区重要的海上交通枢纽。因受周边城镇、养殖区排污等影响,汕头湾的海洋环境已受污染,生态健康问题不容忽视。沉积物中重金属是反映区域环境质量的重要因子,本研究通过测定汕头湾海域29个表层沉积物样品中重金属Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量,分析了各元素的平面分布特征,并运用主成分分析法(PCA)、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对该区域沉积物中重金属的来源及潜在生态风险进行了探讨。结果表明:汕头湾海域表层沉积物的金属含量变化范围为CZn(15. 3～280. 4 mg/kg)、CCu(2. 0～84. 6mg/kg)、CCr(3. 0～130. 8 mg/kg)、CCd(0. 05～1. 07 mg/kg)、CPb(12. 97～39. 31 mg/kg)、CHg(0. 008～0. 171 mg/kg)、CAs(1. 60～16. 50 mg/kg),榕江入海口处为重金属元素的高值区,在拦沙堤的两侧,元素Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd的含量差别较大。相关性分析和主成分分析结果显示,重金属具有相同污染来源,工业废水和城市排污等人类活动输入是主要途径,其分布特征受有机碳、硫化物及细粒级组分等环境因子的影响。地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法的结果表明,在榕江入海口附近区域,重金属表现出强的生态风险,而拦沙堤东侧海域为轻微生态风险,Hg、Cu、Cd是主要污染元素。     

杭州湾和三门湾拖网大型底栖动物群落组成和多样性研究

本研究根据2017年8月和2018年8月在东海北部杭州湾和三门湾大型底栖动物的拖网采集资料,对这两个海域的大型底栖动物群落结构和多样性进行了研究。杭州湾的10个站位和三门湾的6个站位共获得61种大型底栖动物,其中甲壳动物最多(22种),其次是鱼类(20种)、软体动物(14种)、棘皮动物(2种)、刺胞动物(2种),多毛类最少(1种)。杭州湾大型底栖动物优势种出现3种,三门湾出现8种,脊尾白虾Palaemoncarinicauda是两个海域唯一的共同优势种。相比2017年,杭州湾和三门湾在2018年鱼类的种类和数量都有明显的增长。根据大型底栖群落的多样性指数,杭州湾不同区域的生物多样性差异较大,而三门湾则较为平均。对杭州湾和三门湾大型底栖动物进行聚类分析和nMDS排序分析,结果表明,杭州湾不同站位大型底栖动物相似度低,Q8、Q9、Q10站位群落结构与三门湾的站位更为接近,三门湾的底栖群落在2017年和2018年存在较大差异。杭州湾和三门湾大型底栖动物群落的变化可能与环境因子、人类活动、厄尔尼诺事件等的变化相关。     

Feeding intensity and molecular prey identification of the mantis shrimp,Oratosquilla oratoria (De Haan, 1844), in the Tianjin coastal zone of Bohai Bay

Bohai Bay, a representative semi-enclosed bay of China, has been severely impacted in recent decades by rapid human development. Although the mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria plays an important role in the Bohai Bay ecosystem and fishery, its feeding ecology and the impact of habitat changes on its feeding habits are poorly known. In this study, we sought to identify its feeding strategy through the separation of stomach contents, and to describe its trophic ecology during maturation in the Tianjin coastal zone of Bohai Bay by the DNA barcoding method using a fragment (about 690 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (CO I) gene. A total of 594 specimens were collected from March to July 2018, and 347 (58.42%) stomachs were found to have food remains. More than half of the O. oratoria individuals had poor feeding activity, and the degree of feeding of females was higher than that of males, but there was no significant difference in the visual fullness index and the fullness weight index (FWI) between sexes for each month. In addition, the feeding activity of O. oratoria was consistent across the months, suggesting in artificial breeding programs it is not worried too much about the accessional diet supplied to the female bloodstocks except maintaining their normal food. A total of 167 retrieved prey items yielded 187 readable sequences; 86.63% of these sequences could be assigned to the species level. Consequently, 25 different prey taxa covering all readable sequences were identified, showing O. oratoria is a generalist predator. In terms of percent composition by frequency of occurrences (%N), crustaceans and fishes accounted for the same and highest percentage (35.83%) in the mantis shrimp diet, followed by mollusks (24.59%) and the remaining marine organisms (3.73%) including Polychaeta (2.67%), Sagittoidea (0.53%), and Chromadorea (0.53%). The result shows the benthic fish Oxudercidae (family) appears to be an especially important food supply for O. oratoria during maturation. The degree of cannibalism decreased with an increase in diet species and the frequencies of cannibalism in this study was noticeably higher than that in previous studies, suggesting that cannibalism may be a significant feeding strategy in the mantis shrimp O. oratoria in the Tianjin coastal zone of Bohai Bay, and because of the frequently cannibalistic behavior, the high stocking density of broodstocks should be avoided.     

基于拓扑网络研究海州湾食物网结构与复杂性

针对食物网结构与复杂性的研究有助于深入解析食物网的功能、营养动力和能量转化过程。本文根据2011年3?12月在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的5个航次的渔业资源底拖网调查资料以及胃含物分析数据,基于11个拓扑网络指数,构建了海州湾拓扑网络,研究海州湾食物网的结构与复杂性。结果表明,本文分析的海州湾食物网物种数S为93,连接数L为1 021,每个物种的相互作用数量L/S为10.98,连接性L/S2为0.12;顶级物种、中间物种、基础物种的比例分别为29%、69%和2%;食物网的杂食性指数为87%,连接复杂性指数SC为22.20,特征路径长度ChPath为2.11,聚类系数CC为0.23。通过每个物种的相互作用数量和连接性的研究显示,L/S和L/S2的值都处在正常范围内,所以海州湾食物网的复杂性仍保持较高水平。通过物种比例、杂食性指数、连接复杂性指数、特征路径长度、聚类系数对食物网结构分析,发现海州湾食物网结构处于稳定状态,能够在一定程度上抵御外界环境的扰动,保证生态系统功能的正常运行。通过对海州湾食物网结构与复杂性的研究,将为今后海州湾食物网功能的深入研究以及海州湾渔业资源的科学管理提供重要依据。     

The impact of northern Indian Ocean rivers on the Bay of Bengal using NEMO global ocean model

The effect of river runoff over the northern Indian Ocean(NIO) especially over the Bay of Bengal(Bo B) has been studied using global Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean(NEMO). Two sensitivity experiments, with and without river runoff are conducted and the influence of river runoff on the Indian Ocean hydrography,stratification and circulation features are studied. It is found that due to river runoff surface salinity over the northern Bo B decreases by more than 5 and the East India Coastal Current strengthens by 2 cm/s during post monsoon season. The fresh river water reaches up to 15°N in the Bo B and is the main cause for low salinity there.Sea surface temperature in the northwestern Bo B increases by more than 0.2℃ due to the river runoff in summer monsoon while surface cooling upto 0.2℃ is seen in north-west part of Bo B in winter season. The seasonal mixed layer depth in the region is found to be dependent on river runoff. The effect of vertical shear and Brunt Vaisala frequency on stratification is also examined. The ocean water becomes highly stratified up to 3 035 m due to the river runoff. It is found that the energy required for mixing is high in the northern and coastal Bo B.     

赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾障碍层厚度的年际变化及其影响机制

Interannual variability(IAV) in the barrier layer thickness(BLT) and forcing mechanisms in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean(EEIO) and Bay of Bengal(BoB) are examined using monthly Argo data sets during 2002–2017. The BLT during November–January(NDJ) in the EEIO shows strong IAV, which is associated with the Indian Ocean dipole mode(IOD), with the IOD leading the BLT by two months. During the negative IOD phase, the westerly wind anomalies driving the downwelling Kelvin waves increase the isothermal layer depth(ILD). Moreover, the variability in the mixed layer depth(MLD) is complex. Affected by the Wyrtki jet, the MLD presents negative anomalies west of 85°E and strong positive anomalies between 85°E and 93°E. Therefore, the BLT shows positive anomalies except between 86°E and 92°E in the EEIO. Additionally, the IAV in the BLT during December–February(DJF) in the BoB is also investigated. In the eastern and northeastern BoB, the IAV in the BLT is remotely forced by equatorial zonal wind stress anomalies associated with the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO). In the western BoB, the regional surface wind forcing-related ENSO modulates the BLT variations.     

威海荣成桑沟湾海域海草床分布现状及其生态特征

海草床是生物圈最高产的生态系统之一,在氮捕获、碳封存、水质净化及维持生物多样性等方面发挥关键作用。2016年8月通过对威海荣成桑沟湾海域的现场调查,发现分布总面积约为471.72 ha的海草床,种类为鳗草（Zostera marina）、红纤维虾形草（Phyllospadix iwatensis）、日本鳗草（Zostera japonica）和丛生鳗草（Zostera caespitosa）,分布面积分别为395.33 ha、37.28 ha、32.74 ha和6.37 ha。鳗草分布范围较广,平均茎枝密度817.0±27.6 shoots/m²,平均生物量646.6±41.8 g DW/m²;红纤维虾形草主要分布于桑沟湾北部养殖池和南部楮岛海域,平均茎枝密度2 649.0±29.8 shoots/m²,平均生物量2 381.3±27.3 g DW/m²;日本鳗草主要分布于桑沟湾西部八亩地海域,平均茎枝密度506.0±26.2 shoots/m²,平均生物量118.3±12.5 g DW/m²;丛生鳗草主要分布于桑沟湾南部楮岛海域,其平均密度为513.0±17.9 shoots/m²,平均生物量为479.1±28.1 g DW/m²。结合历史资料,发现桑沟湾海域海草床严重退化,分析了海草床的退化原因并提出了相应的建议和对策,以期为海草资源及滨海生境修复提供参考。     

孟加拉湾及其毗邻海域中尺度涡旋活动的冬、夏季差异

基于1993—2017年从卫星高度计资料中识别出来的中尺度涡轨迹数据集,对冬、夏季孟加拉湾涡旋的源地和性质进行了研究。研究表明孟加拉湾西部、安达曼海和孟加拉湾通往赤道的出口处的中尺度涡旋活动呈现显著的季节性差异。安达曼海在冬、夏季从北往南中尺度涡旋分别以“反气旋涡-气旋涡-反气旋涡”和“气旋涡-反气旋涡-气旋涡”的格局分布。不同源区涡旋的季节性生长过程有明显差异。孟加拉湾西部的涡旋在夏季生长迅速但消散缓慢,斯里兰卡冷涡生长缓慢但消散迅速。不同源区涡旋半径和振幅大小有不同的特征。孟加拉湾西部,无论冬、夏季,反气旋涡的振幅、半径都比气旋涡大;夏季季风漂流区,气旋涡半径比反气旋涡小但是振幅比反气旋涡大;安达曼海内无论冬、夏季都是最北侧聚集区涡旋的半径和振幅最大。孟加拉湾内生命史为30~40 d的涡旋数量最多,生命史在100 d以上的涡旋主要分布在孟加拉湾西部。     

象山港沉积物类型变化及沉积环境现状评价

根据2002年6~7月对象山港进行生态调查所获得的资料,评价了象山港水域的沉积物类型变化和沉积环境质量状况,结果表明:与20世纪80年代相比,象山港沉积物类型已发生了较大的变化,由80年代的粉砂质粘土、粘土质粉砂、粘土-粉砂-砂及砾砂4种沉积物类型变为2002年的粉砂质粘土、砂、砂-粉砂、粘土-砂、砂-粉砂-粘土、中细砂、中砂7种沉积物类型。象山港沉积物的质量良好,底质中总氮的含量较高,普遍出现超标现象;部分测站的多氯联苯(PCB)略有超标,各测站总磷硫化物、有机质、石油类等指标均符合一类标准。