应用平衡分配模型评价渤海湾和莱州湾沉积物重金属潜在生物毒性

为探讨渤海沉积物中重金属的生物毒性,采集了渤海湾和莱州湾共72个站点的表层沉积物,测定了酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、同步萃取金属(SEM)、有机碳(TOC)等参数,应用平衡分配模型(EqP Model)评价了沉积物中重金属的潜在生物毒性。研究显示,有8个站点超过了EqP Model的毒性阈值,显示潜在生物毒性,而61%的站点应无生物毒性。本研究同时测定了沉积物的总含量,应用几种常用的沉积物质量基准进行了评价虽然有部分站点的Cu、Ni、Cr超过了基准值,但与渤海的背景值比较,这些基准值可能并不适用于评价渤海沉积物。研究显示,EqP Model可以更有效的评价沉积物中重金属的活性和生物毒性,尤其针对我国近岸海域的沉积物,TOC和AVS含量偏低而重金属生物毒性偏高的情况可能普遍存在,更应积极考虑应用EqP Model进行重金属生物毒性的评价。     

近40 a 来三门湾海岸线时空变化遥感监测与分析

了解岸线的变化对海岸开发利用有重要意义。本文以Landsat MSS、TM、ETM+、OLI影像为主要数据源,采用人机交互的方式提取1973~2013年的4期三门湾大陆岸线,获取岸线长度以及陆域变化面积等信息,并以县级市(象山县、宁海县、三门县)为单位分段分析岸线时空变化特征。在此基础上,结合研究区新增土地利用类型的解译结果,对三门湾地区海岸开发方式进行系统分析。结果表明:1973~2013年三门湾岸线总体向海推进,总长度减少40.18 km,沿岸陆域面积增加155.89 km2,其中2000~2013年岸线向海扩张最为显著,近40 a来,在沿海三县中,宁海县岸段岸线变迁最为剧烈;海岸人为开发是岸线变化的主导因素,且开发方式时间异质性显著:早期以围垦造田、堵港蓄淡为主,20世纪80年代后期至20世纪末,偏重围垦养殖,进入21世纪,开发规模大幅增长,围垦造田和养殖依然是海岸开发的主要方式,同时城镇、工业建设等围填海规模迅增,港口码头建设也加快了步伐,海岸开发方式呈现多样化。     

广西钦州湾大型底栖动物生态特征及其与沉积物环境的相关性研究

为研究钦州湾大型底栖动物的生态特征,探讨影响大型底栖动物分布的主要因素,于2011年5月在钦州湾进行大型底栖动物调查,并同步采集沉积物样品,进行理化性质分析。使用Surfer软件绘制各群落特征指数的平面分布图,用SPSS软件分析群落特征指数与沉积物环境因子之间的关联性。共采集到大型底栖动物种类55种。平均生物量为105.48 g/m2,平均密度为50ind/m2。香农-维纳指数(H')、种类均匀度指数(J')和丰富度指数(D)的平均值分别为1.44,0.63和0.64。群落特征指数与沉积物环境因子之间的相关性分析结果显示,密度与Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Cr,Hg以及有机碳呈显著负相关;种类数与所分析的10项沉积物环境因子之间均呈显著负相关;均匀度指数与Hg和有机碳呈显著负相关;丰富度指数与硫化物呈显著负相关;生物量和香农-威纳指数与沉积物各环境因子之间均没有显著的相关性。     

Magnetic characteristics of surface sediments of Liaodong Bay,China

Analysis of magnetic properties of marine surface sediments has been gradually proved to be one of the effective means for researching the source of marine sediments. In this paper, samples from 39 sit...     

Improved coastal wetland mapping using very-high 2-meter spatial resolution imagery

Accurate wetland maps are a fundamental requirement for land use management and for wetland restoration planning. Several wetland map products are available today; most of them based on remote sensing images, but their different data sources and mapping methods lead to substantially different estimations of wetland location and extent. We used two very high-resolution (2 m) WorldView-2 satellite images and one (30 m) Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) image to assess wetland coverage in two coastal areas of Tampa Bay (Florida): Fort De Soto State Park and Weedon Island Preserve. An initial unsupervised classification derived from WorldView-2 was more accurate at identifying wetlands based on ground truth data collected in the field than the classification derived from Landsat 8 OLI (82% vs. 46% accuracy). The WorldView-2 data was then used to define the parameters of a simple and efficient decision tree with four nodes for a more exacting classification. The criteria for the decision tree were derived by extracting radiance spectra at 1500 separate pixels from the WorldView-2 data within field-validated regions. Results for both study areas showed high accuracy in both wetland (82% at Fort De Soto State Park, and 94% at Weedon Island Preserve) and non-wetland vegetation classes (90% and 83%, respectively). Historical, published land-use maps overestimate wetland surface cover by factors of 2–10 in the study areas. The proposed methods improve speed and efficiency of wetland map production, allow semi-annual monitoring through repeat satellite passes, and improve the accuracy and precision with which wetlands are identified.     

The use of time-series data in the assessment of macrobenthic community change after the cessation of sewage-sludge disposal in Liverpool Bay (UK)

Sewage sludge was disposed of in Liverpool Bay for over 100 years. Annual amounts increased from 0.5 million tonnes per annum in 1900 to approximately 2 million tonnes per annum by 1995. Macrofauna and a suite of environmental variables were collected at a station adjacent to, and a reference station distant from, the disposal site over 13 years, spanning a pre- (1990-1998) and post- (1999-2003) cessation period. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the time-series data showed significant community differences between reference and disposal site stations and multivariate analyses revealed station-specific community development post-disposal. Temporal variability of communities collected at the disposal station post-cessation was higher than during years of disposal, when temporally stable dominance patterns of disturbance-tolerant species had established. Alterations of community structure post-disturbance reflected successional changes possibly driven by facilitation. Subtle faunistic changes at the Liverpool Bay disposal site indicate that the near-field effects of the disposal of sewage sludge were small and therefore could be considered environmentally acceptable.     

Estrogenic activity in sediments contaminated by nonylphenol in Tokyo Bay (Japan) evaluated by vitellogenin induction in male mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus)

Estrogenic activity was determined in sediments collected from Tokyo Bay. Sampling was performed at five stations including the site near the sewage treatment plant. The most estrogenic sediment collected near the sewage treatment plant was fractionated into ten fractions using normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Chemical analysis was carried out for each fraction and nonylphenol (NP, 20,700 ng g⁻¹ dry wt) was detected at a higher concentration than estron (2.39 ng g⁻¹ dry wt) and 17β-estradiol (<0.7 ng g⁻¹ dry wt). Furthermore, each fraction was administered to male mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus), and vitellogenin (Vtg) was measured after two weeks. The induction of Vtg was observed; this estrogenic potency could be attributed to the NP content in this fraction. This is the first report to suggest that the high NP concentration in the sediments from Tokyo Bay has the potential to induce Vtg in wild fish.     

Lipid biomarkers in suspended particles from a subtropical estuary: assessment of seasonal changes in sources and transport of organic matter

Temporal and spatial variations in the composition of particulate organic matter (POM) from Florida Bay, USA were examined. The predominance of short-chain homologues for n-alkanes, n-alcohols and n-fatty acids as well as relatively high abundance of C(27) and C(28) sterols suggested that an autochthonous/marine source of OM was dominant bay-wide. Several biomarker proxies such as P(aq) [(C(23)+C(25))/(C(23)+C(25)+C(29)+C(31)) n-alkanes], short/long chain n-alkanes, (C(29)+C(31)) n-alkanes and taraxerol indicated a spatial shift in OM sources, where terrestrial OM rapidly decreased while seagrass and microbial OM markedly increased along a northeastern to southwestern transect. Regarding seasonal variations, POM collected during the dry season was enriched in terrestrial constituents relative to the wet season, likely as a result of reduced primary productivity of planktonic species and seagrasses during the dry season. Principal component analysis (PCA) classified the sample set into sub-groups based on PC1 which seemed to be spatially controlled by OM origin (terrestrial-mangrove vs. marine-planktonic/seagrass). The PC2 seemed to be more seasonally controlled suggesting that hydrological fluctuations and seasonal primary productivity are the drivers controlling the POM composition in Florida Bay.     

渤海湾西北岸1974～2010年逐年填海造陆进程分析

自20世纪70年代以来,渤海湾西北岸陆续实施了大量填海工程,形成了目前中国最大的人工填海造陆区,有必要对其进行精确和连续的监测与分析。以1974～2010年逐年MSS/TM/ETM影像为主要数据源,利用RS/GIS技术,分析了研究区填海造陆的动态空间分布和数量变化特性。36 a间,研究区共填海901.7 km2,主要在滩涂和近海进行,海岸线长度从1974年的224.9 km增长到2010年的536.7 km,填海区的重心总体上从东北向西南方向迁移了26.3 km。将研究期细分为5个阶段进行深入分析发现:研究区海岸线长度增量与填海造陆规模呈正相关关系;填海利用方式经历了盐田为主→盐田和水产养殖相结合→港口和临港工业为主的发展历程;以天津港和曹妃甸港及各自的临港工业区为填海造陆中心和副中心的格局已经形成。     

2011年1月普里兹湾埃默里冰架附近水文特征

分析“雪龙”号2011年在普里兹湾埃默里冰架外缘24个站位的CTD观测结果,发现有以下一些水文特征：普里兹湾西部,在71°E-72°E范围内,存在一个顺时针运动的中尺度涡。由于这个涡旋存在,冰架水主要扩散方向偏东,在73°30′E附近,流向东北;夏季表层水厚度,东部基本在20m,西部受中尺度涡和其他因素的影响,夏季表层水厚度深达50m左右;在50m以浅的水层内,表面以下温度会出现稍微增大现象,我们称之为逆温层,它是结冰、融冰和海冰覆盖变化造成的;在观测断面西部,在160m～200m水层内,多站出现“静力不稳定”：即上层密度大于下层,厚度有几米,平流混合扩散可能是这一不稳定现象主要原因。