Cosmogenic Be dating of a sackung and its faulted rock glaciers, in the Alps of Savoy (France)

Sackungs are the largest gravitational deformation observed in mountains. They are characterized by the long-term slowness of the movements, but their mechanism is still not well understood. Nowadays cosmic ray exposure (CRE) dating methods allow dating the morphologic structures involved in sackung and can contribute at the understanding of their origin. In the Alps, the 5.3 km long Arcs sackung initiated during the activity of rock glaciers. Three samples from these faulted rock glaciers provide their first CRE ages and show that at 2000 m elevation these block accumulations moved during the Younger Dryas and stopped in early Holocene. Six ¹⁰Be ages of fault scarps show that the Arcs sackung lasted only a few thousand years and stopped at about 8462 ± 432 ¹⁰Be yr. They also reveal that deformation migrated upslope in agreement with a mechanism of flexural toppling of vertical layers. This unique and long gravitational event, characterized by migration of the deformation, does not support earthquake shaking as triggering mechanism for individual faults. It shows that, in the upper Isère valley, slope deformation was delayed of several thousand years after glacial debuttressing, and is not anymore active despite its fresh morphology.     

Application of high resolution DEM data to detect rock damage from geomorphic signals along the central San Jacinto Fault

We analyze geomorphic properties extracted from LiDAR and SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data to test whether the damage zone along the central San Jacinto Fault (SJF) zone can be resolved with remotely-sensed data in a quantitative fashion. The SJF is one of the most active faults in southern California, with well expressed geomorphology and a fast slip rate, as seen in the geology and by GPS. We use ArcMap and the TauDEM toolbox to compare several morphometric parameters, including drainage density (Dd), on both sides of the fault, using a 1 km and a 5 km buffer for the LiDAR and SRTM data, respectively. We also analyze the spatial patterns of Dd near the fault, using two different definitions of spatial Dd. The high resolution of the LiDAR data allows us to focus on a single fault, eliminating the effects of parallel nearby faults. From the LiDAR data we find that the highest Dd values occur in areas between two fault strands, followed generally by rocks on the northeast side of the fault, with the lowest Dd values occurring on the southwest side of the fault. The SRTM data shows a band of high Dd values centered on the main fault trace with ~ 1 km width. Our results indicate that there is a strong correlation between drainage density and proximity to the fault, with zones of structural complexity along the fault displaying the highest Dd. We interpret this to largely be an effect of degree of rock damage, as these are areas that are expected to be more damaged, and field observations support this contention. If we are correct, then it appears that the northeast side of the SJF is generally more damaged. South of the trifurcation area there is evidence that the signal is reversed on the larger scale, with more damage on the southwest side of the fault inferred from the SRTM data, possibly caused by extension between the Coyote Creek and Clark faults. The implications of the observed asymmetry could be geological evidence for rupture propagation direction, because a preferred propagation direction is predicted to produce asymmetric damage structure that would be recorded in the volume of rock surrounding a fault.     

Factors influencing the behavior of buried pipelines subjected to earthquake faulting

Seismic ground faulting is a severe hazard for continuous buried pipelines. Over the years, researchers have attempted to understand pipe behavior, most frequently via numerical modeling and simulation. However, there has been little, if any, physical modeling and tests to verify the numerical modeling approaches and assumptions. This paper presents results of five pairs of centrifuge tests designed to investigate the influence of various factors on the behavior of buried high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipelines subjected to strike-slip faulting. Parameters considered are the soil moisture content, fault offset rate, relative burial depth (H/D), and pipe diameter. The centrifuge test results show that pipe behavior, specifically pipe strain, is nominally not affected by the soil moisture content and fault offset rate when the pipe is subjected to strike-slip faulting. On the other hand, the burial depth ratio (H/D) and pipe diameter influence peak pipe strain, and in some cases, the ground soil failure pattern.     

基于片法对地震低活动水平区域的构造分布特征研究

文中应用片法研究了首都圈地区在39.8°～40.4°N和114.0°～115.0°E范围内的地震活动分布。 片法主要是针对地震活动分布比较稀疏、断层无法直观识别的地区,用空间扫描的方法,并结合相应的统计检验方法,来评价地震震中分布的线性特征是否显著,从而进一步识别地震断层。 该文选定的研究区域,在过去30多年的时间里共发生了1.0～5.0级地震906次,地震的活动不活跃比较符合片法的应用研究。 将该方法用于所选定区域地震数据的研究表明,其识别能力还是较好的,可以整体上刻画比较真实的地质构造特征。 对由于种种原因无法进行实测,且地震活动较低的构造区域,片法是分析其构造分布的有效补充。     

肃北野马河北侧断裂地貌特征及其晚第四纪活动性

阿尔金活动断裂带东段的滑动速率由西向东逐渐减小,而肃北是阿尔金断裂东段滑动速率的"突变点"之一。在肃北以东分布多条分支断裂,野马河北侧断裂便是其中的一条。野马河北侧断裂长约30km,总体走向NEE,该断裂沿野马河盆地北侧山前洪积扇延伸,沿断裂具有大量的左旋走滑和逆冲等地貌现象,多处冲沟出露有断层剖面。野外调查结果表明该断裂是一条左旋走滑兼逆冲断裂,错断了晚更新世时期形成的洪积扇或冲沟阶地。通过实测得到地貌面左旋、垂直错动数据,并采集样品测试相关地貌面的年龄,估算该断裂晚更新世以来的平均水平滑动速率为(1.27±0.18)mm/a,平均逆冲速率为(0.4±0.07)mm/a,该断裂分解了阿尔金断裂东段的部分运动量     

岩石高速摩擦实验与地震物理过程

简述了最近20年来国内外岩石高速摩擦实验研究领域的进展和动态:岩石高速摩擦实验技术的发展实现了对高滑动速率、大位移的地震过程的实验模拟;其结果揭示了岩石和断层泥在地震滑动速率下的力学性状,深化了对断层滑动弱化机制、临界滑动距离、以及地震发生过程的认识和理解;实验在假玄武玻璃成因方面取得了重要进展,并提出了断层发生地震滑动可能留下的其它地质证据,可望为研究断层滑动性状与地震物理过程提供新的思路和信息.岩石高速摩擦实验今后的发展方向主要包括:发展具有加温系统和孔隙压系统的岩石高速摩擦实验装置,研究水热作用下岩石和断层泥的高速摩擦性状;室内实验和地震资料分析相结合研究断层滑动和地震机制;室内实验和野外地质调查相结合探索断层发生地震错动的地质证据等等.     

地震不稳定性的一个简单模型

基于断层面强度的非均匀性,将断层面的宏观破裂过程看作是断面局部微元的破裂累积过程,假设断层局部微元强度遵循Weibull概率分布,从统计力学角度推导出了宏观的断层载荷.变形的全过程本构关系.采用一维地震力学模型,以远场位移a为控制变量,用稳定性理论研究了地震不稳定性问题.研究表明,系统刚度比(围岩刚度与断层刚度之比)β是影响地震发生的重要参数,只有当β<1时才会出现地震失稳,且应力突跳发生在平衡路径曲线的位移转向点,并给出了地震过程的3个重要参数(地震后断层半错距、地震应力降和释放的弹性能)的表达式.当β≥1时,不会发生地震,仅是缓慢的断层滑动,属于无震滑动.     

深圳市观澜断裂第四纪活动性研究

观澜断裂是深圳陆域地区规模最大的北北西向断裂。通过地质地貌调查、联合钻孔探测及地质年代测定等技术方法对观澜断裂的第四纪活动性进行了详细考察与综合研究。结果表明：穿越低丘陵台地地貌区的观澜断裂两侧未见地貌差异或现代构造形变现象;4个典型地质露头和2条钻孔联合剖面显示断裂没有扰动上覆第四系．观澜大布巷钻孔探测剖面还获得了断裂上覆冲洪积砂层底部12．6±2．4Ka的光释光测年数据;断裂物质主要由碎裂岩、构造角砾岩、硅化岩等组成．可见硅质被膜及半固结岩屑或岩粉状物质;7个断层样品的电子自旋共振测试结果显示断裂的最新活动年龄为距今21．1±2．1万年。结合12条浅层地震测线探测未发现断裂错移第四纪覆盖层底界的事实．得出了观澜断裂最新一次活动发生在中更新世晚期．自晚更新世中期以后没有新的近地表活动的结论。     

由地震活动参数分析安徽省新生代构造变形带现今活动习性与地震危险性

应用多个地震活动参数来判定断裂带分段落活动习性的方法,分析安徽省新生代构造变形带不同分段落的现今活动习性及地震危险性。研究结果表明：安徽省新生代构造变形带中存在着9个具有不同现今活动习性的分段落,其中,霍邱-风台、铜陵-宁国、明光-肥东3个段落现今活动习性处于较高应力背景下的相对闭锁状态．应属于有一定应变积累的潜在中强震危险段落：其它6个段落．现今活动习性处于中等或偏低应力背景下,以频繁或稀疏小震滑动为特征．未来复发中强以上地震的可能性较小。     

天马台断层活动与地震的关系

利用1996～2008年天马台的定点跨断层场地的水准测量资料分析长乐-诏安断裂带的现今活动特征及其与地震的关系。结果表明：W—E测段活动速率最高,S—E测段活动速率次之,W—S测段活动速率最小。断层各段以压性逆断为主,与地质考察结果基本一致。同时讨论了断层活动与地震关系．认为3次准同步转折均与地震密切有关。