利用Yabuki & Matsu'ura反演方法计算 2011年日本东北地区太平洋海域Mw9.0级地震同震滑动分布

Yabuki & Matsu'ura反演方法是利用ABIC最佳模型参数选取方法和平滑的滑动分布作为约束条件,由形变观测数据计算发震断层滑动分布.本文基于日本列岛同震GPS观测数据和发震断层曲面构造模型,利用Yabuki & Matsu'ura反演方法计算2011年日本东北地区太平洋海域M_w9.0级地震的发震断层同震滑动分布.反演结果表明,断层面上的最大滑动量为35 m,较大滑动分布在浅于30 km的震源中心上部,最大破裂集中在20 km深度的地方.其地震矩约为3.63×10²²N·m,对应的矩震级为M_w9.0.模拟结果显示Yabuki & Matsu'ura反演方法更适用于倾角低于40°的断层模型反演.最后,本文基于上述方法获得的发震断层滑动模型,利用地球体位错理论正演计算该地震在中国及其邻区产生的远场形变,正演计算结果基本可以解释由中国GPS陆态网络观测到的同震形变.     

青藏高原西南部塔若错湖泊沉积物记录的近300年来气候环境变化

以青藏高原西南部塔若错的34cm浅湖芯为研究对象,对其沉积物样品进行总有机碳、无机碳、总氮、微量元素、正构烷烃含量及碳氮比等多项指标的分析测定。采用过剩210 Pb和137 Cs计年法对该湖芯进行了定年和沉积速率研究,获得了近300年的连续湖泊沉积环境序列。在明确了各指标气候环境指示意义的前提下,综合对比分析湖芯中各项气候环境指标,并结合定年结果重建了塔若错湖区近300年来的气候环境变化。结果表明:塔若错湖区气候环境变化可分为3个明显阶段:早期为1705～1778年,该地区气候环境温暖湿润,湖区植被广泛发育;中期为1778～1860年,湖区处于小冰期末次阶段,气候环境寒冷而湿润,植被发育受阻;后期为1860年至今,为小冰期结束后偏暖干化时期。其中,后期又可分为3个亚阶段:1860～1924年,湖区气候环境稍暖且干旱,植被稍有发育;1924～1969年,湖区气候环境呈现偏冷干特点,植被发育暂缓;1969年至今,湖区气候回暖,环境干旱化有所缓解,植被开始逐渐发育。在气候冷暖变化上,该湖芯记录与古里雅冰芯记录和青海湖湖泊沉积记录都有较好的可对比性,只是在起讫年代上存在一些差异。     

大兴断层的三维几何学与运动学及其对廊固凹陷成因机制的约束

大兴断层是位于渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷西北部的廊固凹陷的边界大断层,控制着整个凹陷的沉积和构造演化。根据大兴断层的走向特征,将研究区内的大兴断层分为东北段、中段、西南段3段,并对其结合处成因进行了探讨。文中首次将大兴断层断面以三维立体形态展示出来,并对大兴断面的三维几何形态进行了详细的剖析。认为大兴断面是个由多个倾斜面组成的曲面,每个相邻的倾斜面通过轴面而分隔。轴面通过其走向特征,分为横向轴面与垂向轴面,其中横向轴面为平行断层走向的轴面,而垂向轴面则是垂直断层走向的轴面。通过4个横向轴面与2个垂直轴面将大兴断面分为10个区,每个区都有各自的形态与特征。对大兴断层的活动机制进行了探讨,认为大兴断层初期是以多米诺式运动模式为主,后期在翘倾作用下发生旋转,从而形成上陡下缓的犁式断层。其上盘地层的运动模式则是初期与断层同时发生旋转,地层陡且直,在上陡下缓的断面形成后,以斜剪切模式运动,形成滚动背斜。     

Seismic coda due to non-linear elasticity

Non-linear elastic response of rocks has been widely observed in laboratory, but very few seismic studies are reported in the literature, even though it is the most natural environment where this feature could be observed. Analytic solutions to the non-linear wave propagation phenomena are not readily available, and there is a need to use approximated techniques. It is clear that when a seismic wave propagates through a homogeneous non-linear elastic media, it will be perturbed by the non-linearity. This perturbation can be treated as a source of scattering, spreading the energy of the primary wave in space and time, contributing to the seismic coda. This is in some sense similar to the effect of heterogeneities. The properties of the coda due to the non-linearity depend on the amount of non-linearity and the seismic moment. Using a perturbation approach we calculate the amplitude of the scattered waves, and show that it can describe reasonably well the main features of real seismic codas.     

断层气探测方法在深隐伏活断层探测中的有效性研究

断层气探测方法是活动断层探测中常用的一种方法。 实践证明, 这种方法在浅覆盖地区活动断层初勘阶段是有效的。 但在第四系厚覆盖地区开展活断层探测, 断层气方法是否有效或怎样做有助于提高该方法的有效性, 是本文要阐述的问题。 本文利用天津地区断层气实测的丰富资料, 并与人工地震、 钻孔勘探、 样品年代学测定资料进行对比分析, 论证了断层气方法在深隐伏活断层空间位置、 断层活动性判定和断层分段中的有效性。 并依据实际工作经验, 给出了提高断层气方法在活断层探测中有效性的技术途径。     

断层活动协调比在地震预测中的应用

为了有效捕获潜在震源区前兆变化信息与断层应变积累状态, 本文应用断层活动协调比概念, 对川滇地区和首都圈地区断层活动进行了分析。 结果表明: ① 丽江7.0级地震前震源区经历了至少有10多年的断层闭锁阶段, 不同观测场地协调比变化的时空差异性特征可能反映了震源区以及外围的异常演化特征; ② 断层活动协调比参数可帮助判识断层活动的性质, 当基线、 水准原始观测曲线出现显著的变化, 而协调比处于正常水平时, 断层活动即为无应变积累的自由蠕滑; ③ 断层活动协调比在大部分地震前都出现一定的离散性变化, 对分析强震前的断层活动性质和应变积累状态以及地震中长期预测具有一定的参考价值。     

山东安丘-莒县断裂小店子-茅埠段新活动及其定量研究

小店子—茅埠段是沂沭断裂带安丘-莒县断裂的组成部分,北起莒县小店子东北,南至莒县茅埠以南,总体走向10°～20°,倾向NW或SE,倾角60°以上,长约30km。可细分为5小段,从北到南依次是小店子—齐家庄、源河、库山—西莲池、青峰岭和三庄—宅科小段。各小段之间为左阶或右阶斜列,平面上呈向北收敛、向南撒开的帚状。断裂在卫片和航片上都显示出清楚的线性影像,地貌上表现为清楚的基岩陡坎。根据野外所获得的天然和探槽剖面以及年龄样品测试结果,确定其最新活动时代为全新世早期,活动性质是以右旋走滑为主兼挤压逆断。距今约70ka以来,断裂的右旋位移量64～73m,位移速率0.91～1.04mm/a。距今约12ka以来,断裂的右旋位移量5.5～7.8m,位移速率0.46～0.65mm/a;垂直位移量2～3.8m,位移速率0.17～0.32mm/a     

Stress behavior from fault data sets within a transtensional zone, South Central Cordillera, Luzon, Philippines: Implications for mineral occurrences

The structural signature in the area between the Baguio mineral district and Ansagan, Tuba, Benguet in the South Central Cordillera, northern Luzon, Philippines, is dominated by northeast- to ENE-trending faults, contained within a NNW–SSE-trending transtensional strip. This 50-km-long, 25-km-wide elongated tectonic zone is bounded to the west by the Pugo Fault and to the east by the Tebbo Fault, both being branches of the Philippine Fault System. Detailed structural geological (particularly microtectonic) analysis of fracture and mineral vein systems indicates strong conformity with the regional structural direction. Computed extensional stress axis σ₃ directions are oriented N150° on average, sub-parallel to the strike of the bounding faults. The existence of known mineral deposits and prospects within the tectonic strip implies an intimate relationship between transtension and mineral occurrence.     

东天山准噶尔-哈萨克斯坦板块与塔里木板块缝合线的再厘定及其意义

摘要：文中以板块构造理论为指导思想,以大量地质、物探、化探、遥感资料为依据,在全面分析前人对东天山造山带板块缝合线的认识基础上,重新厘定研究区准噶尔-哈萨克斯坦板块与塔里木板块缝合带的位置。经研究确定：东天山造山带康古尔塔格和阿齐克库都克两条断裂之间所夹持的区域,为准噶尔-哈萨克斯坦板块和塔里木板块陆 陆碰撞的缝合带,即康古尔塔格-阿齐克库都克碰撞缝合带。该碰撞缝合带既有板块边界划分意义,又有实体物质组成和特定结构、构造及其演化历史的独立构造单元,也是东天山地区重要的多金属成矿带,故该带对东天山造山带Cu、Ni、Au、Ag等多金属矿产的形成和空间分布起着重要的控制作用。     

Tectonic geomorphology of the San Andreas Fault zone from high resolution topography: An example from the Cholame segment

High resolution topographic data along fault zones are important aids in the delineation of recently active breaks. A 15 km-long portion of the south-central San Andreas Fault (SAF) along the southern Cholame segment contains well preserved tectonic landforms such as benches, troughs, scarps, and aligned ridges that indicate recurring earthquake slip. Recently acquired LiDAR topographic data along the entire southern SAF (“B4” project) have shot densities of 3–4 m^− 2. Computed from the LiDAR returns, Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of 0.25 to 0.5 m resolution using local binning with inverse distance weighting and 0.8 m or larger search radii depict the tectonic landforms at paleoseismic sites well enough to assess them confidently. Mapping of recently active breaks using a LiDAR-only based approach compares well with aerial photographic and field based methods. The fault zone varies in width from meters to nearly 1 km and is comprised of numerous en echelon meter to kilometer-length overlapping sub parallel fault surfaces bounding differentially moving blocks that elongate parallel to the SAF. The semantic variations of what constitutes “active” and the importance of secondary traces influence the breadth and complexity of the resulting fault trace maps.