张性结构面的力学性质与主应力关系解析

依据弹性理论分析了张性结构面的应力,应变与两向主应力的对应关系。笔者认为在挤压应力条件下,甚至双向挤压应力作用下,完全有可能在最大主压应力方向两侧一定角域内产生张性或张扭性结构面。在两向压缩应力作用下,只有当σ２／σ１≥０．５时,才不会有张性构造区域出现。     

论河北省兴隆一带东西向走滑断裂系统

河北省兴隆县一带地处燕山造山带的中段，是中生代构造变形的典型地区。该区广泛发育了东西向和北东向联合构造，东西向主走滑断裂呈右行右阶式（Ｐ断裂），北东向次级构造由北盘的雁列式褶皱、分枝断裂及南盘次级断裂等组成。燕山台褶带变形是由尚义─平泉断裂和密云─洪山口断裂在侏罗纪时发生右行走滑形成的，其间的剪切变形带，总体特征类似于一个大型Ｓ─Ｃ构造或平面对冲构造。区内古基底断裂不仅控制中晚元古代的沉积地层和岩浆活动，而且对中生代的构造变形方式也产生重要作用。主走滑断裂与古基底断裂的复活有直接的关系     

共源浮动基准面分步静校正方法

不需详细的低速带速度和厚度,利用零最小非纵距三维观测系统的近炮道取得井口时间,计算检波点浮动基准面校正量．以此为基础分别进行炮点、检波点静校正,分步校正到水平基准面。方法可靠,效率、效果明显。     

陕西泾阳玉米耗水规律研究

根据玉米地和对照地的平行观测资料,分析了玉米发育过程中的根系吸水情况、作物耗水特点以及水分的供需矛盾。提出了玉米生长发育和产量形成过程中的需水关键期概念,并引入了作物耗水特性系数,客观定量地反映玉米耗水的生理生态特性。     

深圳356米气象塔观测数据的质量控制方法和空气动力学参数研究

气象高塔数据资料弥足珍贵, 对其进行质量控制将为后续科学研究和业务工作的开展提供便利; 此外, 利用塔基观测资料计算空气动力学参数有助于校正模式空气动力学参数理论值。对2017-2018年深圳356 m气象梯度观测塔共13层的每10 s风速、风向、相对湿度、温度探测资料进行数据质量控制, 基于莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论和数据质量控制后的气象梯度观测塔近地层(10 m、20 m、40 m、50 m和80 m) 1分钟平均的风温资料, 利用最小二乘法拟合迭代计算了近中性条件下深圳气象梯度观测塔下垫面空气动力学粗糙度(z₀)和零平面位移(d)。结果表明:深圳气象梯度观测塔的气象探测资料数据质量很高, 连续两年平均数据缺失率为1.28%, 数据错误率为0.01%。近中性边界层条件下, 深圳气象梯度观测塔下垫面空气动力学粗糙度均值为0.35 m, 零平面位移均值为5.33 m, 结果合理可信。研究表明空气动力学参数受下垫面非均匀性、植株柔软性、气流来向、风速等的共同影响。      

Integration of magnetism and heavy metal chemistry of soils to quantify the environmental pollution in Kathmandu, Nepal

Abstract Soil profiles of the Kathmandu urban area exhibit significant variations in magnetic susceptibility (χ) and saturation isothermal remanence (SIRM), which can be used to discriminate environmental pollution. Magnetic susceptibility can be used to delineate soil intervals by depth into normal (< 10^?7 m³/kg), moderately enhanced (10^?7–< 10^?6 m³/kg) and highly enhanced (≥ 10^?6 m³/kg). Soils far from roads and industrial sites commonly fall into the ‘normal’ category. Close to a road corridor, soils at depths of several centimeters have the highest χ, which remains high within the upper 20 cm interval, and decreases with depth through ‘moderately magnetic’ to ‘normal’ at approximately 30–40 cm. Soils in the upper parts of profiles in urban recreational parks have moderate χ. Soil SIRM has three components of distinct median acquisition fields (B_1/2): soft (30–50 mT, magnetite‐like phase), intermediate (120–180 mT, probably maghemite or soft coercivity hematite) and hard (550–600 mT, hematite). Close to the daylight surface, SIRM is dominated by a soft component, implying that urban pollution results in enrichment by a magnetite‐like phase. Atomic absorption spectrometry of soils from several profiles for heavy metals reveals remarkable variability (ratio of maximum to minimum contents) of Cu (16.3), Zn (14.8) and Pb (9.3). At Rani Pokhari, several metals are well correlated with χ, as shown by a linear relationship between the logarithmic values. At Ratna Park, however, both χ and SIRM show significant positive correlation with Zn, Pb and Cu, but poor and even negative correlation with Fe (Mn), Cr, Ni and Co. Such differences result from a variety of geogenic, pedogenic, biogenic and man‐made factors, which vary in time and space. Nevertheless, for soil profiles affected by pollution (basically traffic‐related), χ exhibits a significant linear relationship with a pollution index based on the contents of some urban elements (Cu, Pb, Zn), and therefore it serves as an effective parameter for quantifying the urban pollution.     

利用小震分布和区域应力场确定大震断层面参数方法及其在唐山地震序列中的应用

根据成丛小震发生在大震断层面及其附近的原则,将模拟退火算法和高斯-牛顿算法结合,给出了利用小震密集程度求解主震断层面走向、倾角、位置及其误差的稳健估计方法,在此基础上考虑区域构造应力参数,给出了估计在已求得的断层面上的滑动角的方法.该方法还可用于小震活跃地区活断层走向、倾角和滑动角的确定.将这种方法用于唐山地震序列,采用2002年4月1日至2006年5月31日发生在地震破裂区的精定位地震目录,求得了唐山地震、滦县地震、宁河及卢龙断裂带的断层面走向、倾角、位置及滑动角参数.与前人给出的断层面解进行比较,发现利用小震精定位资料和区域构造应力场得到的结果与前人采用其他资料和方法得到的结果近似,验证了这种方法的有效性.另外,本研究首次发现滦县地震区东部的小震呈北东-南西向条带状成丛发生,可精确刻画为一条断裂带,较为精确地确定了此断层的走向、倾角和滑动角.该断裂及宁河断裂在唐山地震序列发生时是否破裂需要运用其他资料进行验证.     

装配式AAC砌体填充墙平面外抗震性能分析

为了适应国家绿色建筑和装配式建筑的发展,减少地震中填充墙的平面外破坏,采用ABAQUS有限元程序研究了装配式AAC砌体填充墙的平面外抗震性能。进行了不同工况下足尺有限元模型的模拟,分析了填充墙高厚比、配筋率及填充墙与框架间连接方式对其平面外抗震性能的影响,以峰值、极限状态下的荷载与跨中位移评定其平面外抗震性能。分析结果表明:采用ABAQUS进行填充墙平面外抗震性能数值模拟与试验结果吻合较好;填充墙高厚比越小,平面外承载力越大,当高厚比小于10时,墙体延性大幅下降;填充墙配筋率和承载力近似呈正比关系,但当配筋率大于0.2%时,墙体延性也会下降;高厚比在15~20和配筋率在0.1%~0.2%范围内,填充墙呈适筋延性破坏模式;填充墙与框架之间布置双向柔性连接约束,墙体具备一定延性,墙体平面外承载力较单向连接件布置有所提升。     

基于DEM的秦岭山地1月气温及0℃等温线变化

以秦岭南北39 个气象站点1959-2009 年1 月平均气温为基础, 考虑地形因素对温度场的影响, 采取基于DEM的空间插值方法, 获取秦岭山地复杂地形下的1 月气温空间插值数据集, 并在此基础上提取1 月0℃等温线, 研究了50 年来秦岭山地1 月平均气温和1 月0℃等温线的变化情况。结果表明:秦岭南北1 月月均气温均表现为上升趋势, 温度变化倾向率约为0.2℃/10a;50 年来秦岭1 月0℃等温线发生了明显上升, 平均上升高度为143.7 m。从经度上看, 107°E~109°E 范围内1 月0℃等温线所处海拔高度的变化最为强烈, 50 年来上升高度达166.2 m, 明显高于东西两段;1993 年是秦岭地区气温明显上升的突变点, 气温突变后1 月0℃等温线比突变前平均上升了113.82 m。     

Measurements and calculations of seasonal evaporation rate from bare sandstone surfaces: Implications for rock weathering

Evaporation from porous rock plays an important role in weathering processes. In the case of salt weathering, the evaporation rate controls supersaturation of salt solutions within pores and the amount of precipitated aggressive salts, therefore weathering occurs mostly in places with intense evaporation. Evaporation also strongly affects frost, hydric and biogenic weathering, as these are influenced by water content and its temporal changes. Despite its importance, evaporation from porous rocks has seen little scientific focus. We present a study on evaporation from bare sandstone, one of the most common rocks affected by weathering. A new method that measures the evaporation rate from the surfaces of sandstone samples under field microclimate was developed and tested. Also, a simple calculation of 1D evaporation rate from bare sandstone surfaces based on Fick's law of diffusion is presented. The measurement was performed using sandstone cores (with a set depth of the vaporization plane) in a humid continental climate and measured on a roughly monthly interval for about 1 year. For the calculations, a laboratory-measured water-vapour diffusion coefficient of the sandstone, in-situ seasonally measured vaporization plane depth, and values of air humidity and temperature were used. The sensitivity analyses showed that the most important factor controlling the evaporation rate was the vaporization plane depth, while seasonal and spatial changes of air humidity and temperature were of lesser importance. The calculated evaporation rate reasonably follows measured values. For its simplicity and the small number of parameters required, the proposed method has the potential to improve knowledge of weathering and living conditions of endolithic and epilithic organisms. Further research should focus on factors affecting the evaporation rate (wind, hygroscopicity, hydrophobicity, etc.) to improve the accuracy of the calculations, as well as to test the applicability of the method for other lithologies and climates. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.