Comparison of the response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the high-latitude regions of the North Atlantic during the warm periods of the 1920s–1960s and the 1990s–2000s

Concern about future anthropogenic warming has lead to demands for information on what might happen to fish and fisheries under various climate-change scenarios. One suggestion has been to use past events as a proxy for what will happen in the future. In this paper a comparison between the responses of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to two major warm periods in the North Atlantic during the 20th century is carried out to determine how reliable the past might be as a predictor of the future. The first warm period began during the 1920s, remained relatively warm through the 1960s, and was limited primarily to the northern regions (>60°N). The second warm period, which again covered the northern regions but also extended farther south (30°N), began in the 1990s and has continued into the present century. During the earlier warm period, the most northern of the cod stocks (West Greenland, Icelandic, and Northeast Arctic cod in the Barents Sea) increased in abundance, individual growth was high, recruitment was strong, and their distribution spread northward. Available plankton data suggest that these cod responses were driven by bottom-up processes. Fishing pressure increased during this period of high cod abundance and the northern cod stocks began to decline, as early as the 1950s in the Barents Sea but during the 1960s elsewhere. Individual growth declined as temperatures cooled and the cod distributions retracted southward. During the warming in the 1990s, the spawning stock biomass of cod in the Barents Sea again increased, recruitment rose, and the stock spread northward, but the individual growth did not improve significantly. Cod off West Greenland also have shown signs of improving recruitment and increasing biomass, albeit they are still very low in comparison to the earlier warming period. The abundance of Icelandic cod, on the other hand, has remained low through the recent warm period and spawning stock biomass and total biomass are at levels near the lowest on record. The different responses of cod to the two warm events, in particular the reduced cod production during the recent warm period, are attributed to the effects of intense fishing pressure and possibly related ecosystem changes. The implications of the results of the comparisons on the development of cod scenarios under future climate change are addressed.     

Sensory bases and the mode of feeding behavior of tongue sole <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cynoglossus semilaevis</Emphasis>

We conducted behavior experiments on the roles of vision, olfaction, and the lateral line in feeding in tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis Günter. Chemical cues from the prey alone could not elicit any searching or attacking behavior by the fish; only when moving foods were presented, the chemical nature of the foods affected feeding. In addition, we found that normal tongue sole did not accurately recognize moving artificial prey of different shapes. Neither chemosense nor vision plays an important role in prey detection. Reactions to moving objects and the response of the oropharyngeal cavity to different foods showed that the (eyeless) tongue sole use mainly the lateral line for prey detection and capture. Gustation in the oropharyngeal cavity is essential for the fish to swallow its prey.     

不同形状和材料的鱼礁模型对短蛸诱集效果的初步研究

采用鱼类行为学方法,观测了短蛸(Octopus ocellatus)对同为PVC材质的3种形状的有孔和无孔模型礁以及对同为管状的3种不同材料的单体和叠加模型礁的行为反应,并对各组内模型礁的诱集效果进行了比较.实验结果表明:未投放模型礁条件下短蛸在水槽四角分布率较高,在鱼礁标志区分布率只有0.5%;PVC材质3种形状的模型礁放入后对短蛸的聚集率均在10%以上,其中内部空间最大的正方体模型礁聚集率最大,每种形状的模型礁中有孔模型礁聚集率高于无孔;3种不同材料的管状模型礁放入后诱集效果均较明显,其中陶瓷材质的管状模型礁效果最好,每种材料的模型礁中3单体叠加后的组合礁聚集率明显高于单体,其中叠加后的陶瓷模型礁对短蛸的聚集率达到39.3%;研究发现短蛸的领域行为对鱼礁模型的诱集效果影响较大.     

Electrochemical corrosion behavior of hot dip coating in artificial seawater

INTR0DUCnONAlloycoatingscandetivelyproteCtsteelagainstcormsioninseri0uscormsionenvir-orunent,suchasthedrinesplashandtidalzones-TwoInainhodiptincaldrinumalloycOaingswidelyusedcommroiallyareGalfancoaing(contalningZn-5wt%kl-us)devel-oPedbytheIntemaionaltalZincReenhheZaionandhocoating(c0n-talningZn-55Wt%Al-1.6Wt%Si)develoPedbytheBethlehemSteelCorpOration-Anewrinc-basedalloycOaingdevel0PedbyNortheaStemUniversityisdiscussedinthesPaperbyelecthehendcalmethod.FromSun(l996),welmOWthecorms…     

石家庄地面水回渗地下过程的氮行为影响试验研究

石家庄是我国北方地下水位下降较大的城市之一,利用其毗邻滹沱河宽阔河滩,地面水可直接入渗补给地下水的有利水文地质条件,实施地面水回渗地下工程,将具有现实意义.为探索地面水回渗后的水质变化,该文针对地面水在回渗过程中对水质起限制性影响的氮行为作用进行了模拟试验研究.结果显示,利用2 m厚的滹沱河细砂土及与粘土按一定比例的混合砂土层,可对间歇式实施地面水回渗中的铵氮组分形成一定容量的截留去除,并且该截留量又在随回渗次数的增加而缓慢下降,当采用人工增加环境碱度及湿度的办法后可消除这种下降.同时,还显示对回渗水中硝酸氮的去除率不高,但若采用人工添加乙醇碳源和接种优势脱氮微生物菌种方法,硝酸氮的去除率将会得到较大提高.     

砂岩风化晕厚度在广东晚更新世测年中的应用

广东地区河流阶地和冲积扇沉积物中砂岩砾石风化晕随时间增厚。风化晕生长速度呈指数衰减,并拟合于下列公式:T 1485D4.13这里T=时间,以年表示,D=沉积物表部约50块砾石风化晕厚度的加权平均值,以毫米表示。利用风化晕厚度确定出广东地区河流第一和第二级阶地分别为1000—13300年和8600—26500年,肇庆盆地北部山前地带第Ⅰ和第Ⅱ级冲积扇分别为51500年和24400年。同时,在构造地貌变形分析的基础上,估算出本区三条主要北东向断裂带在晚更新世—中全新世的垂直断层作用速度为0.6—1.6毫米/年,中全新世甚或晚更新世晚期以来的活动速度极小     

An Examination of Behavior and Hazards Faced by Physically Disabled People During the Loma Prieta Earthquake

There is a need to study hazards faced by physically disabled people during earthquakes. A literature review showed the importance of occupant behavior as a factor that contributes to casualty during earthquakes. A survey questionnaire was used to study the behavioral responses of 33 disabled residents, none of whom sustained injury, during the Loma Prieta earthquake of 17 October 1989. An occupant risk analysis methodology was developed to study the sequence of activities of the disabled people. Severe restrictions in the physical capabilities of the respondents did not appear to increase their exposure to hazards. Overall, the physically disabled occupants did not think of themselves as vulnerable, and those who felt vulnerable initiated self-protective action in response to the hazards present in their immediate surroundings.     

The frictional behavior of lizardite and antigorite serpentinites: Experiments,constitutive models,and implications for natural faults

Laboratory studies of the frictional behavior of rocks can provide important information about the strength and sliding stability of natural faults. We have conducted friction experiments on antigorite and lizardite serpentinites, rocks common to both continental and oceanic crustal faults. We conducted both velocity-step tests and timed-hold tests on bare surfaces and gouge layers of serpentinite at room temperature. We find that the coefficient of friction of lizardite serpentinite is quite low (0.15–0.35) and could explain the apparent low stresses observed on crustal transform faults, while that of antigorite serpentinite is comparable to other crustal rocks (0.50–0.85). The frictional behavior of both types of serpentinite is well described by a two-mechanism model combining state-variable-dominated behavior at high slip velocities and flow-dominated behavior at low velocities. The two-mechanism model is supported by data from velocity-step tests and timed-hold tests. The low velocity behavior of serpentinite is strongly rate strengthening and should result in stable fault creep on natural faults containing either antigorite or lizardite serpentinite.     

从铜的地球化学行为探讨常宁铜鼓塘富铜矿床的成因

常宁铜鼓塘富铜(银铀)矿床,以Ⅵ号主矿体为代表,具有以辉铜矿为主的矿物组合。本文根据Cu、(Ag)的地球化学行为,阐述了不同条件下,Cu、Fe与S、O的亲疏倾向,从而形成各矿体独具特色的矿物共生组合特征。进而讨论了矿床的特定成矿环境和典型岩溶成因。最后,笔者综合分析了多种有利成矿因素,指出金鸡岭背斜及其以北地段,是普查同类型富铜矿床的远景地区。     

地震前虎皮鹦鹉(Melopsittacus undelafus L.)叫声的模式识别

近年来,我国多数地震动物观察站(SAOS)监测虎皮鹦鹉(BG=budegerigar)的叫声频度与地震的关系,并取得了一些观测结果。但是,所用的声记录仪未能考虑BG叫声的声学特性,而不能分辨BG不同的叫声和进一步提取震兆性叫声模式(EPCP),并易受到环境噪声的干扰而产生误计数。 据此,分析了BG不同声行为叫声的声学特性。BG叫声大致上可分为单次叫声(SC)、变音调叫声(VTC)、单音节和多音节抗议叫声(MoSPC和MuSPC)。由此,进一步研制了它们的模式识别系统。该系统是以单片机为核心的微处理机,对BG叫声进行预处理、编码、分析、显示和打印输出。 观察结果表明,在高声场旅游飞机噪声(TAN)干扰下,该系统的BG叫声识别率(CRR)为66.7％,而对TAN没有误计数。在含10次不同声强的TAN干扰(432秒)的30分钟内,该系统记录了588次叫声(SC、VTC、MoSPC和SPC分别为377、22、20和169次),仅丢失65次叫声,其CRR平均为90％。但是,SAOS目前使用的声记录仪,这10次TAN干扰所产生的误计数可能约为BGU叫声的2.6—13倍。 由此可见,这种模式识别系统不仅可满足于BG不同叫声的识别,且具有良好的抗噪声功能。这就使之可为地震前BG声行为观测提供更有用的信息。不仅可给出BG叫声频度的昼夜节律变化与地震的关系,并可为揭示BG的EPCP提供一定的依据。