焦作市某碱渣堆放场对岩溶水氯离子污染的初步研究

结合某碱渣堆放场的水文地质状况,通过对碱渣的静溶和淋溶试验,分析了淋滤液中氯离子的析出过程,探讨了碱渣堆放场对岩溶地下水中氯离子污染的影响。通过实验数据的分析,认为该渣场对焦作市岩溶地下水氯离子浓度的升高具有很大的影响。在此基础上应用数学拟合方法,进行了碱渣淋滤总量的估算,认为碱渣场在其建成的13年以来,共向焦作市岩溶水排放的氯离子总量高达35k t之多。      

五山台地下流体观测现状及资料质量的初步分析

对五山地震台地下流体数字化观测系统的运行状况进行了总结和统计,分析了水位仪和地热仪在实际运行及管理中存在的问题,并对数字化改造后的观测资料内在质量及现存问题进行了讨论。     

A Study of Resource Curse Effect of Chinese Provinces Based on Human Developing Index

Traditional opinion considers that natural resources play an important positive role in economic development, while resource curse theory holds that natural resources usually obstruct economic increase. This debate needs further exploration. In most of empirical studies on resource curse theory, the economic development of an area is mainly evaluated by the Gross Domestic Product （GDP）, however, the social and cultural contents of economic development are seldom considered. Thus, the Human Developing Index （HDI） was chosen to describe the comprehensive developing situation of an area in our study. Based on the panel data from the year of 2000 to 2011, the relationship between Human Developing Index and resource exploitation degree （RED） of 30 provinces in China （Tibet, Tai- wan, Hong Kong and Macao were not included because of the restriction of data acquisition） was investigated by correlation coefficient analysis and regression analysis. We found that resource curse did exist over the entire country and its effect on 30 provinces were not exactly the same. According to the effects of resource curse, these provinces could be classified into four types： no resource curse prov- inces, slight resource curse provinces, severe resource curse provinces, and extreme resource curse provinces. Testing from two short time periods 2000-2005, and 2006-2011, the resource curse effect was not prominent. However, testing from the entire period of 2000-2011, the effect was obvious among each province.     

Using the extended finite element method for simulation of transient well leakage in multilayer aquifers

The extended finite element (XFEM) is applied to the problem of transient leakage from abandoned or free-flowing artesian wells in perforated aquifer-aquitard systems. To more accurately capture the singularities in potentiometric head at the wells, the standard linear finite element basis is locally augmented with asymptotic analytical solutions which enable more accurate calculations of leakage rates between aquifers. Highly accurate flux estimates are obtained without the need for higher mesh resolution near wells. Simulations are carried out to test both the accuracy and convergence properties of the XFEM implementation, and the XFEM results are compared to those of a high-resolution standard finite element model. It is seen that for the type of singularity-driven problem posed here, the standard FEM is unable to resolve leakage rates without very fine discretization, but that the XFEM performs robustly with fewer degrees of freedom. The impact of aquifer geometric heterogeneity on leakage rates is assessed and seen to be an important factor in determining total leakage. It is demonstrated that the XFEM may be a valuable tool in many water resources applications where small-scale effects can impact global system behavior.     

TEM study of the geoelectrical structure and groundwater salinity of the Nahal Hever sinkhole site, Dead Sea shore, Israel

Since the 1990s a large number of sinkholes have appeared in the Dead Sea (DS) coastal area. Sinkhole development was triggered by the lowering of the DS level. In the literature the relationship between the sinkholes and the DS level is explained by intrusion of relatively fresh water into the aquifer thereby dramatically accelerating the salt dissolution with creation of subsurface caverns, which in turn cause sinkholes. The main goal of our project was detection and localization of relatively fresh groundwater. During our study we used the transient electromagnetic method (TEM) to measure the electrical resistivity of the subsurface. As a test site we selected Nahal Hever South which is typical for the DS coast. Our results show that resistivity of the shallow subsurface reflects its vertical and lateral structure, e.g., its main hydrogeological elements explain the inter-relations between geology, hydrogeology, and sinkholes. The TEM method has allowed detailed differentiation of layers (clay, salt, etc.) in the subsurface based on their bulk resistivity. The 10 m-thick salt layer composed of idiomorphic crystals of halite deposited during the earlier Holocene period was extrapolated from borehole HS-2 through the study area. It was found that in Nahal Hever the typical value of the bulk resistivity of clay saturated with the DS brine varies between 0.2 and 0.3 Ωm, whereas saturated gravel and sandy sediments are characterized by resistivity between 0.4 and 0.6 Ωm. The high water salinity of the aquifer (enveloping the salt layer) expressed in terms of resistivity is also an important characterization of the sinkhole development mechanism. The electrical resistivity of the aquifer in the vicinity of the salt unit and its western border did not exceed 1 Ωm (in most cases aquifer resistivity was 0.2-0.6 Ωm) proving that, in accordance with existing criteria, the pores of the alluvial sediments are filled with highly mineralized DS brine. However, we suggest that the criterion of the aquifer resistivity responsible for the salt dissolution should be decreased from 1 Ωm to 0.6 Ωm corresponding to the chloride concentration of approximately 100 g/l (the chloride saturation condition reaches 224 g/l in the northern DS basin and 280 g/l in the southern one).Based on TEM results we can reliably conclude that in 2005, when most of sinkholes had appeared at the surface, salt was located within a very low resistivity environment inside sediments saturated with DS brine. Intrusion of relatively fresh groundwater into the aquifer through the 600 × 600 m²area affected by sinkholes has not been observed.     

大雁塔倾斜原因分析

就大雁塔倾斜的原因提出了作者自己的看法,认为(1)设计不当:采用了过大的基底压力和过分简单的地基处理方案、过大的基础宽高比以及地基处理厚度的不同;(2)施工质量:基础砌体和地基处理质量上的差异是其一建成就发生倾斜的主要原因,而水的影响造成了后期倾斜的发展。     

辽西蓄水构造及找水方向

基于蓄水构造的三要素,对辽西地区蓄水构造类型及蓄水条件进行了分析,认为区内主要有水平岩层蓄水构造、褶皱蓄水构造、断裂蓄水构造、接触带蓄水构造和基岩风化壳蓄水构造,并指出了该区地下水找水方向和开发利用模式.     

四川鲜水河-安宁河断裂带温泉氢氧稳定同位素特征

温泉地下水同位素特征对确定断裂带地下水来源、循环过程和断裂带活动性至关重要。为了确定青藏高原东缘温泉的地下水同位素特征和流体来源,本研究采集了鲜水河-安宁河断裂带上温泉水、冷泉水、河流和积雪融水等样品,进行了氢氧稳定同位素和水化学组分测定,并进行了同位素特征的对比研究。分析结果表明,温泉水体δ¹⁸O变化范围为-19.04‰~-12.71‰,平均值为-16.42‰;δ²H变化范围为-144.07‰~-88.63‰,平均值为-122.37‰。河水的δ¹⁸O变化范围为-15.90‰~-10.85‰,平均值为-13.86‰;δ²H变化范围为-118.21‰~-71.12‰,平均值为-98.99‰。康定冷泉δ¹⁸O和δ²H分别为-13.66‰和-106.74‰。道孚积雪融水的δ¹⁸O和δ²H分别为-10.27‰和-65.41‰。不同类型水体样品氢氧稳定同位素组成主要分布在全球和区域大气降水线上,表明了大气降水成因,缺少明显的氧同位素漂移特征。不同类型水体同位素值差异较大,显示出温泉与河水、积雪融水之间补给来源的不一致性。温泉同位素值具有明显的同位素高程效应,鲜水河-安宁河断裂带上氧同位素高程效应为-0.23‰/100m,氢同位素高程效应为-1.95‰/100m。温泉氧同位素漂移与相关离子比值、Na-K-Mg三角图、Li和Sr元素等指标表明研究区域大部分温泉的水岩作用强度弱。氢氧稳定同位素特征、水岩作用特征和循环深度揭示出温泉的成因为远距离大气降水运移补给地下水,地下水在地下热储层加热后通过断裂上升到地表形成温泉,这为认识青藏高原东缘地热水循环、断裂带活动性与演化特征提供了依据。

     

西北地区水资源开发引起的生态环境问题

西北地区处于干旱、半干旱气候带,降水量少,蒸发量大,水资源紧缺,生态环境脆弱。近半个世纪以来,由于对水资源的不合理或过量开发利用,引发诸如水土流失、土地沙化、次生盐渍化等一系列与水有关的多种生态环境问题。针对存在的上述生态环境问题,提出了如下对策和措施:在水资源利用上要以流域为基础,合理调配,计划用水,既要保证发展经济用水,又要保持生态环境不遭受破坏;严格控制地表水库的建设,充分发挥戈壁滩天然地下水库作用;要把水资源评价与如何开发管理联系起来,建立具有超脱地位和跨部门的权威性机构,按流域对水资源实行统一管理。     

专利分析视角下国际深水油气关键技术发展态势

深水油气资源丰富,是近年全球油气勘探热点及增储上产的主力来源。通过专利分析,可视化呈现了国际深水油气关键技术发展态势。结果表明,全球深水油气相关的专利申请数量与深水油气勘探开发历程高度吻合,反映了技术进步是推动深水油气勘探和开发活动的重要内部动力,政府决策和全球油价是影响深水油气发展的外部动力;美国是全球深水油气勘探与开发的主要引领力量,中国深水油气勘探开发技术高速发展,与巴西等深水油气勘探开发活动成熟的国家构成了主要的技术应用国;斯伦贝谢、哈利伯顿以及通用电气等石油巨头专利技术在全球具有明显的优势,在技术领域均有布局且所占比重较大,中国中海油则侧重于钻井技术的研发和布局;未来,深水油气的革新仍将围绕钻探类核心技术展开,其快速形成的技术网络与一些边缘的技术和核心技术之间建立更加紧密的关联,或形成新的技术网络。