Stochastic deamplification of spatially varying seismic motions

The spatial and temporal characteristics exhibited by earthquake ground motions at points below the soil surface have important implications for both deeply embedded structures and for spatially extended constructed facilities. In most cases, the characteristics of the seismic motion are known only at the surface, since it is there where most (but not all) of the historical earthquake records have been obtained. While downhole arrays can provide valuable additional information on motion statistics below the surface, it is both possible and desirable to supplement the available database with predictive computational models. With this goal in mind, this paper presents an analytical model to estimate the statistical properties of seismic motions at any point in the ground on the basis of the statistical properties obtained from records on the surface. The emphasis is on the particular cases of stationary SH-waves propagating in a multi-layered soil, and of stationary P-waves propagating in a half-space. The stochastic deconvolution model considered here is based on a formulation with matrices of spectral density functions. Together with the existing formulation based on cross-correlation matrices proposed earlier by Kausel and Pais (J. Engng Mech. Div., ASCE 113 (2) (1998) 266–277), this stochastic deconvolution technique will be referred to as the Complete Stochastic Deamplification Approach (CSDA). The results obtained show that the reduction in the intensity of shaking with embedment is more pronounced when SH-waves propagate in a stratified soil than when they propagate in a homogeneous half-space. Also, it is found that incident P-waves exhibit greater coherency than incident SH-waves, an indication that it is important to distinguish between such wave types when developing coherence models from array data.     

杭州湾——舟山渔场秋季浮游植物现存量和初级生产力

1995年 9月在杭州湾和长江口至舟山海区进行了浮游植物细胞丰度、叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的现场观测研究 .结果表明 ,表层水浮游植物平均细胞丰度为(2 2 6 8± 6 3 33)× 1 0 4个 /dm3;平均叶绿素a浓度为 2 80± 3 46 μg/dm3,小于 2 0μm的微型和微微型浮游生物细胞对叶绿素a的贡献占 71 % ;平均初级生产力 (C)为6 92 5± 1 1 92 4mg/ (m2 ·d) ,小于 2 0 μm的微型和微微型浮游生物细胞对总生产力的贡献占 6 8% .河口区悬浮物质浓度高 ,浮游植物光合作用受光的限制 ,各项生物参数与真光层深度紧密相关 .生物锋区位于真光层深度 1 0～ 2 0m、盐度 2 6～ 32的长江冲淡水稀释区 .同时探讨了浮游植物细胞活性 (R)与光合作用同化数 (AN)、叶绿素a与初级生产力、叶绿素a与海面光谱反射率的相互关系 ,为海洋水色遥感在初级生产力的应用研究提供科学依据     

Radium mass-balance in Jamaica Bay, NY: Evidence for a substantial flux of submarine groundwater

A mass balance for the naturally-occurring radium isotopes (²²⁴Ra, ²²³Ra, ²²⁸Ra, and ²²⁶Ra) in Jamaica Bay, NY, was conducted by directly estimating the individual Ra contributions of wastewater discharge, diffusion from fine-grained subtidal sediments, water percolation through marshes, desorption from resuspended particles, and water exchange at the inlet. The mass balance revealed a major unknown source term accounting for 19–71% of the total Ra input, which could only be resolved by invoking a source from submarine groundwater. Shallow (< 2 m depth) groundwater from permeable sediments in Jamaica Bay was brackish and enriched in Ra relative to surface bay waters by over two orders of magnitude. To balance Ra fluxes, a submarine groundwater input of 0.8 × 10⁹–9.0 × 10⁹ L d^− 1 was required. This flux was similar for all four isotopes, with individual estimates varying by less than a factor of 2. Our calculated groundwater flux was 6- to 70-fold higher than the fresh groundwater discharge to the bay estimated by hydrological methods, but closely matched direct flow rates measured with seepage meters. This suggests that a substantial portion of the discharge consisted of recirculated seawater. The magnitude of submarine groundwater discharge varied seasonally, in the order: summer > autumn > spring. Chemical analyses suggest that the recirculated seawater component of submarine groundwater delivers as much dissolved nitrogen to the bay as the fresh groundwater flux.     

内陆河流域水文过程研究的一些科学问题

水科学研究的发展,对水文科学提出了新的挑战,即如何在流域、区域和全球尺度进行学科交叉、综合集成和协同研究,从而更全面地认识水在地球资源和环境变化中的作用,认识水圈及其与大气圈、岩石圈和生物圈的相互作用。为了解内陆河流域水文循环和水量平衡各分量之间的变化和转化关系及其与生态和环境之间的相互作用,以及对全球变化和人类活动的响应和反馈,基于内陆河流域上游山区径流形成区、中游人工绿洲水资源开发利用区和下游荒漠绿洲径流散失区的流域水文循环特征,从能水通量、生态和生物地球化学过程讨论了山区水文过程;从生态水文、尺度转换、阈值和反馈讨论了水文和植被的相互作用;从国外提出的关键作用带的概念讨论了内陆河流域地下水—土壤—植被作用层的水文过程。提出了开展内陆河流域水文过程观测和研究的基本框架。     

跨地裂缝墙体开裂形态分析

应用非线性有限元法对跨地裂缝的墙体开裂形态进行了分析,确定出了具有三维活动性的地裂缝垂直穿越墙基时,墙体出现裂缝的位置、倾向、倾角和后期的发展状况,以及随沉降量与张开量比值变化的规律。结果表明:地裂缝垂直穿越围墙时,墙体上出现的裂缝一般有两种形式:一是位于地裂缝下盘的墙顶竖直裂缝,二是出现在地裂缝正上方墙体底部的斜裂缝;当地裂缝两盘的土体活动以水平拉张为主时,墙体底部出现的斜裂缝以高角度向上扩展,当地裂缝两盘的土体活动以差异沉降为主时,墙体底部出现的斜裂缝则以较缓的角度向上扩展,倾向与地裂缝相反;只要地裂缝的上下盘土体有微小的错动,一般2～3mm时,就会引起墙体的破裂,且墙体裂缝扩展迅速,几个毫米的错动量,就能使墙体裂缝扩展数十厘米,甚至贯通整个墙体;墙体斜裂缝在产生初期较为平直,随着裂缝的迅速扩展,端部稍向下弯曲,倾角减缓,整体呈弧弯状。     

人工填土高边坡爆破振动动力响应分析研究

通过现场测试,利用频谱分析方法,得到了生产爆破引起的地震波在人工填土高边坡中传播特性和基本规律的研究成果;利用有限元软件,结合实测数据采用模态叠加法,对研究边坡进行了动力响应分析,分析了该边坡表面的加速度及位移分布规律、边坡破坏的形式。     

NOAA-AVHRR资料反演地温与地面实测值的对比分析

对遥感反演和地面实测2种方法获得的地温数据进行对比。首先,用NOAA-AVHRR第4、5波段数据和NASAPathfinder地温计算模型计算出中国1999年1月的最高月地温;然后,将其与同期267个气象站的实测月最高地温值进行比较。结果为:遥感反演地温与地面实测月最高地温的线性相关系数为0.86,标准差为5.6℃,反演值比实测值平均偏低2.8℃。用实测地温数据对遥感反演地温值进行线性修正,修正后的反演值与实测值的线性相关系数为0.86,标准误差由修正前的5.6℃变为5.2℃,平均误差由修正前的4.9℃变为4.1℃,平均偏低值由修正前的2.8℃变为0.1℃。修正后的遥感反演地温与实际值更加接近。     

WorldView-1卫星影像处理方法初探

有理函数模型(RFM)是与具体传感器无关的通用的模型。经试验结果得出,利用RFM并辅以适量的GCP能及时快速精准的处理WorldView-1高分辨率遥感卫星影像,有利于发挥其在国民经济中的巨大潜力。     

Vertical oscillations due to axial-bending coupling during seismic response of RC bridge piers

The paper presents a numerical investigation on the behaviour of reinforced concrete bridge piers subjected to horizontal seismic input. The scope of the investigation is to quantify the phenomenon of bending-induced axial vibrations. The results of a set of analyses conducted on single-column bent systems indicate that flexural cracking produces, in fact, significant axial vibrations. This effect is particularly relevant in squat elements with low axial force where the sway of the cross-sectional neutral axis under alternate bending causes strong hammering impulses at crack closure. Quantification of the effects related to this phenomenon can be determinant for the seismic assessment of existing bridges as well as for the design of new bridges. Likewise, performance and design forces of bearings and other anti-seismic devices can be estimated with more accuracy, based on the expected level of combined vertical and horizontal acceleration response on decks. The pier overall flexural response is not significantly altered by the fluctuation in axial force associated to these impulses, although local moment–curvature behaviour is, due to axial–bending interaction. Shear resisting mechanisms should be more sensitive to these vibrations and shear failure anticipated when a reduction in the axial contribution to the section shear capacity occurs. A tentative equation for the prediction of this flexural-induced vertical acceleration component is proposed based on simplified section kinematics and elastic impact analysis. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vertical vibrations of a rigid disk embedded in a poroelastic medium

This paper considers the steady-state vertical vibrations of a rigid circular disk embedded at a finite depth below the free surface of a poroelastic medium. Biot's elastodynamic theory for porous media is used in the analysis. General solutions for axisymmetric poroelastic fields are obtained by using Hankel integral transforms. Analytical solutions for influence functions corresponding to four types of buried axisymmetric excitations are derived. The embedded disk problem is fomulated in terms of a set of coupled integral equations for unknown traction and pore pressure jumps across the disk. The kernel functions of the integral equations are the influence functions corresponding to buried vertical, radial and pore pressure ring loads. The system of integral equations is solved numerically by discretizing the disk into several concentric annular rings. Selected numerical solutions for displacements, vertical stress and pore pressure due to a buried fully flexible disk (uniform pressure) are also presented. The vertical compliances of a rigid disk are examined for different depths of embedment, poroelastic materials and hydraulic boundary conditions. Solutions for traction and pore pressure jumps are also examined. The present results are useful in the study of dynamic response of embedded foundations and anchors in poroelastic soils. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.