Magma movements in Etna volcano associated with the major 1991–1993 lava eruption: evidence from gravity and deformation

The 1991–1993 eruption was probably the largest on Mt. Etna for 300 years. Since then the volcano has entered an unusually quiescent period. A comprehensive record of gravity and ground deformation changes presented here bracket this eruption and give valuable insight into magma movements before, during and after the eruption. The gravity and deformation changes observed before the eruption (1990–1991) record the intrusion of magma into the summit feeder and the SSE-trending fracture system which had recently been active in 1978, 1979, 1983 and 1989, creating the feeder dyke for the 1991–1993 eruption. In the summit region gravity changes between 1992 and 1993 (spanning the end of the eruption) reflect the withdrawal of magma from the conduit followed more recently (1993–1994) by the re-filling of magma in the conduit up to pre-eruption levels. In contrast, in the vicinity of the fracture zone, gravity has remained at the 1991–1992 level, indicating that no withdrawal has occurred here. Rather, magma has solidified in the fracture system and sealed it such that the 1993–1994 increase in magma level in the conduit was not accompanied by further intrusion into the flanks. Mass calculations suggest that a volume of at least 10⁷ m³ of magma has solidified within the southeastern flank of the volcano.     

地倾斜观测资料的归算

本文针对我国地倾斜观测仪器设置的实情，推导出由任意两方向设置的倾斜仪观测资料计算地倾斜角及其倾斜方位角有的通用公式，以及归算至南北、东西方位的公式。用本文的公式对泰安台两种类型倾斜仪观测进行了归算，归算后其倾斜固体潮曲线同就变化，相关性明显增强。对大同－阳讥Ｍｓ－６．１地震前的倾斜异常资料也进行了归算，归算后异常也比较明显。最后，作用还对我国地倾斜观测资料的归算工作提出了具体意见。     

地电阻率瞬时突变序列变化与临震预报

本文采用断裂力学观点，分析研究了一些临震预报实验结果与地电实际观测资料。发现在强震与部分中强震前，震中附近的台站，除能预测到有关地震的地电阻率日突变序列的短期异常变化外，在瞬时突变序上还能看到临震前明显的突变现象，还是震前三个月里的最大瞬时突变，从它的出现至发震所需的时间，将随震中距的减少而缩短，且与震级有关，对于强震多集中出现在震前一个月内，中强震为十天内，并有由外围向震中收缩的趋势，其平均收缩     

M-LDARS观测的北京地区云地闪特征分析

1991年夏,我们利用自制的单站闪电探测及定位系统(M—LDARS),在北京地区进行了对比实验,并对所记录的地闪回击信号作了分析。本文提出了我们得到的北京地区云地闪回击信号的峰值时间、半峰时间、峰值电流以及电流上升率的统计分布和频谱特征的典型结果,并与国内外同类观测的结果进行了对比。     

中国地震倾斜潮观测台网

系统论述了中国地震倾斜潮观测台网利用地倾斜及其潮汐监测预报地震的科学思路、台网特征、观测精度、映震效能等。重点总结了建网中切合国情、台情的中国独特经验;对第一代、新一代台网记录倾斜同震阶跃信息与前兆异常现象的能力作了对比;还讨论了台网的应用前景。     

关于“土壤凝结水”问题的探讨——与于庆和同志商榷

在极端干旱地区,空气中的水汽压很低,不可能发生大量土壤凝结水。若有凝结水,主要发生在干燥土壤和晴天的晚上。土面盐碱膜有抑制土壤水分蒸发和增加地温变幅的作用,不利于土壤凝结水的发生。这在极端干旱的塔里木河中游地区更不例外。笔者认为于庆和同志所谓的“凝结水”,很可能是闭塞空气迂热膨胀排出来的水。因为,现行的地中渗透仪很不完善,其蒸发筒中缺通气管,受闭塞空气的胀缩作用,使筒中潜水位白天降低,晚上升高,即地下室的盛水器中水位白天升高(排出水),晚上降低(马氏瓶供水),由此而产生“回渗水”被误认为是“凝结水”。     

Effects of structural faults on ground control in selected coal mines in southwest Virginia

Summary Two faults related to the Pine Mountain overthrust sheet near Buchanan County, Virginia, were investigated to determine their effect on ground control and to develop recognition criteria for prediction. Both faults are right lateral, strike-slip faults overprinted simultaneously with thrust faulting. Offsets of the coal seam due to thrust faulting average 6 ft with severe roof conditions (20 ft high roof falls) occurring through an average 30 ft wide zone of disturbance. Recognition criteria include characteristic overthrusting, coalbed swag, bedding plane slippage, and fault gouge. Ground control strategies include mine designs that minimize fault exposure.     

MY—1BH型地形变遥测记录仪在楚雄台的地倾斜观测结果

用MY—1BH型地形变遥测记录仪可以实现水平摆地倾斜观测的遥测可见记录。本文给出在楚雄地震台,两套MY—1BH分别配SQ70B石英水平摆和JB金属水平摆的观测结果:光杆都为2米,记录格值分别达到0.001角秒/毫米和0.002角秒/毫米;潮汐因子r(M_2)精度达到Ⅰ类台站要求;配SQ70B的r(M_2)值,1984年全年变化最大为3％。     

河西堡台地倾斜三次异常与三次五级以上地震预报的教训

本文研究了河西堡台1980年以来出现的三次地倾斜趋势性异常及其南部发生的三次Ms≥5.0级地震。该台记录的5级以上地震的倾斜异常时间长、幅度大。认为,地倾斜异常可以作为地震预报的依据。     

Surface deformation at the Krafla volcano,North Iceland, 1982–1992

Extensive measurements of ground deformation at the Krafla volcano, Iceland, have been made since the beginning in 1975 of a series of eruptions and intrusions into the fissure system that extends north and south of the volcano. I concentrate on measurements before and after the eruption of September 1984, the last event of this series when the largest volume of lava was erupted. The patterns of ground deformation associated with the 1984 eruption, determined by precision levelling, electronic distance measurements and lake level observations, were similar to earlier intrusions and eruptions, in that the surface of the volcano subsided and the fissure system widened as magma moved laterally from a shallow central reservoir into the fissure system. The shallow magma reservoir of Krafla continued to expand for about five years after the eruption, but a slow subsidence of the central area began in 1989. Besides the presence of an inflating and deflating shallow magma reservoir at a depth of 2.5 km beneath the Krafla caldera, another inflating magma reservoir may exist at much greater depth below Krafla. The accumulation of compressive strain by numerous rift intrusions and eruptions since 1975 along the flanks of the north-south Krafla fissure swarm is being released slowly and will probably be reflected in the results of deformation measurements near Krafla for the next several decades. The total horizontal extension of the Krafla rift system in 1975–1984 was about 9 m, equal to about 500 years of constant plate divergence. The extension is twice the accumulated divergence since previous rifting events and eruptions in 1724–1729