Redox Potential and Seasonal Porewater Biogeochemistry of Three Mountain Wetlands in Southeastern Kentucky, USA

Redox potentials (Eh) were monitored bimonthly and porewater chemistry was analyzed seasonally at three slightly-acidic, high-elevation Kentucky wetlands that differed in hydrology, parent materials, and vegetation. At all sites, Eh values were below 300 mV, which indicated that reducing conditions persisted within the upper 90 cm and fluctuated mainly within the range of iron and sulfate reduction. Significant relationships of Eh values with depth were observed only at the Martins Fork wetland, where precipitation was the primary water source. The strongest and most stable reducing conditions, observed at the Kentenia site, reflected consistently high water levels, which were sustained by ground water. The third wetland (Four Level) was distinguished by irregular Eh fluctuations coinciding with strong seasonal ground-water upwelling. Although Fe³⁺ and SO₄ ²⁻ were the primary terminal electron acceptors in all wetlands, porewater chemistry also varied significantly by season and soil depth in response to piezometric water level fluctuations. Additional factors that influenced porewater chemistry included: (1) the presence of limestone parent materials that affected porewater pH, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺; and (2) the prevalence of sphagnum moss or graminoid species that influenced dissolved organic carbon, CO₂, and CH₄. Results from this study indicated the diverse range and importance of multiple factors in controlling biogeochemical processes and properties in small, high-elevation Appalachian wetlands.     

Key Methods and Experiment Verification for the Validation of Quantitative Remote Sensing Products

The validation is an important guarantee of quality, reliability and applicability of Remote Sensing Products (RSPs), and is also the foundation to improve the RSPs accuracy, extend the application domain and strength the application ability. This paper introduced the progresses and lessons learned from a project titled by ‘key technology of remote sensing products validation and its experimental evaluation’ supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of China. The progresses included: ①Formulating a series of national standards composed of general methods for the validation of terrestrial quantative RSPs, field-site selection and instrumentation for land surface RSPs, and other 24 individual standards of remote sensing variables; ②Building integral technique process system of RSPs validation; ③Developing some key methods from optimized spatial sampling, upscaling to validation strategy; ④Obtaining the multi-scale satellite-airborne-ground synchronized observation and evaluating systematically the validation standard and techniques; ⑤Setting up national validation network for RSPs, exploring multi-mode allied observation experiment and forming the prototype and operation mechanism for the validation network.     

The effect of ground ice on the Martian seasonal CO2 cycle

The mostly carbon dioxide (CO₂) atmosphere of Mars condenses and sublimes in the polar regions, giving rise to the familiar waxing and waning of its polar caps. The signature of this seasonal CO₂ cycle has been detected in surface pressure measurements from the Viking and Pathfinder landers. The amount of CO₂ that condenses during fall and winter is controlled by the net polar energy loss, which is dominated by emitted infrared radiation from the cap itself. However, models of the CO₂ cycle match the surface pressure data only if the emitted radiation is artificially suppressed suggesting that they are missing a heat source. Here we show that the missing heat source is the conducted energy coming from soil that contains water ice very close to the surface. The presence of ice significantly increases the thermal conductivity of the ground such that more of the solar energy absorbed at the surface during summer is conducted downward into the ground where it is stored and released back to the surface during fall and winter thereby retarding the CO₂ condensation rate. The reduction in the condensation rate is very sensitive to the depth of the soil/ice interface, which our models suggest is about 8 cm in the Northern Hemisphere and 11 cm in the Southern Hemisphere. This is consistent with the detection of significant amounts of polar ground ice by the Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer and provides an independent means for assessing how close to the surface the ice must be. Our results also provide an accurate determination of the global annual mean size of the atmosphere and cap CO₂ reservoirs, which are, respectively, 6.1 and 0.9 hPa. They also indicate that general circulation models will need to account for the effect of ground ice in their simulations of the seasonal CO₂ cycle.     

龙羊峡水库流量变化的地下原因和预测方法探讨

利用3．2m地温资料,从地热涡和地冷涡的演变来分析黄河上游唐乃亥入库流量变化的地下原因,并初步总结了其预测方法。     

Causes of geothermal fields and characteristics of ground temperature fields in China

There are many arguments on energy sources and main controlling factors of geothermal fields, so a systematic study on the distribution of ground temperature fields shall be necessary. In this paper the thermal conduction forward method of geothermal field is used to simulate cooling rate of abnormal heat sources and heat transfer of the paleo-uplift model. Combined with a large number of geothermal field exploration cases and oil exploration well temperature curves of domestic and foreign, the following conclusions are drawn:(1) According to the magmatic activity time, the magmatism activities are divided into two categories: Magma active areas(activity time 500 000 years) and weak/magma inactive areas(activity time 500 000 years). The latter has a fast cooling rate(the cooling time of the magma pocket buried around 10 km is less than 200 000 years) after it has intruded into the shallow layer and it has no direct contribution to modern geothermal fields;(2) China belongs to a weak/magma inactive area such as Tengchong region and Qinghai-Tibet region because the chronological data of these regions show that its magma activity time is more than 500 000 years;(3) The temperature of most geothermal fields can be obviously divided into three segments in the vertical direction: A high geothermal gradient segment(Segment H) at the surface, then a low geothermal gradient segment(Segment L) at a secondary depth, and finally a lower temperature segment(Segment D) at a deeper depth. The temperature isoline presents a mirror reflection relation on the temperature profile, indicating that geothermal field is dominated by heat conduction, rather than having an abnormally high temperature "heat source" to provide heat;(4) Near-surface(0-5 km) materials' lateral heterogeneity caused by tectonic movement shall probably be the main controlling factor of ground temperature fields.     

Live load induced vibrations in Ullevi Stadium - dynamic dynamic soil analysis

The paper describes a case history where during two rock music concerts the audience at the large outdoor stadium Nya Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden, started to jump in time to the music. Violent vibration levels occurred in the ground and a part of the audience observed considerable motion in the structure. Based on finite element analysis, it is concluded that the underlying soft clay of the structure was excited with the same frequency as the beat of the music. The whole clay deposit under the stadium started, therefore, to vibrate with great variations in amplitudes over the field due to the complex geometry. Through interaction with the basement of the structure as well as its deep foundation the waves were transmitted to the superstructure. Parts of the structure framework have natural frequencies close to those of the beat. Consequently they started to vibrate violently.     

Consolidation behavior of a soft mud treated with small cement content

Soft mud can be found in many large size reclaimed lands. Such soils present extremely high settlement potential that needs to be alleviated by means of effective ground improvement techniques. Current knowledge on applying small cement content to reduce settlement potential of soft mud is limited. This study concerns the consolidation behavior and settlement potential of soft mud treated with small cement content. Based on the pH values of soft mud–cement mixtures, oedometer specimens with cement content of 6% were prepared for consolidation tests. The test results show that preconsolidation pressure is rapidly developed and secondary compression is reduced. The ratio of secondary compression index to compression index is also reduced, indicating a change in grain size characteristics. The coefficient of consolidation is increased for consolidation pressures smaller than the preconsolidation pressure. This indicates that treating the soft mud with a small cement content can be very effective for reducing settlements in cases where new loads are small to medium and the time for ground improvement is limited.     

地电阻率背景值初探──以大同－阳高和忻州2次地震为例

用山西地电台网的资料，从震前变化的一些现象入手，找到识别和消除非地震异常及背景影响的方法，对地电阻率背景变化场作了初步的物理解释，并将此方法用于１９９１年震情分析中，取得较好结果。     

青海省兴海6．6级地震形变和深井地温前兆异常

对青海省现有的形变和深井地温资料进行了分析处理，发现在2000年9月12日兴海6．6级地震前，德令哈地应力、乐都倾斜、祁连深井地温、平安深井地温均有前兆异常存在，在此基础上对于出现的异常现象给出了初步的解释。     

高效采集地质雷达的研制及应用

在研究国外地质雷达的基础上，设计和研制出具有我国自主产权的高效采集地质雷达系统。该雷达具有操作简便、抗干扰能力强、宽频发射、全兼容天线的主机和相应的发射、接收系统。通过物理模型实验和现场实验，充分说明本系统的可行性、精确性和稳定性。本系统的研制，将推动国内地质雷达技术的发展，为高质量的工程检测提供技术支持。