利用CINRAD／CB雷达产品对通辽地区一次降雪过程的分析

利用CINRAD／CB雷达产品对通辽地区2007年11月19日一次降雪过程的分析得出：基本反射率因子产品清晰地反映了这次天气过程的开始、发展与结束,可以用来确定降水回波的移动以及未来的趋势;并且通过不同仰角产品的对比可以判断云层的高度、厚度及强度（0．5°仰角产品探测到的云范围要比1．5°、2．4°仰角产品所探测到的大,0．5°仰角产品探测到的云多为低层云系）。速度图产品能够判断大气中的冷暖平流、层结稳定性、某一高度层的风向风速,以及存在的低空急流。对降水过程的预测与监测提供了十分有利的科学依据。     

汶川M_S8.0地震河谷地形对汉源县城高烈度异常的影响

汉源县城位于汶川M_S8.0特大地震六度区内唯一的八度异常区,为典型且罕见的远震高烈度异常区.汉源县城处于流沙河的河流阶地之上,河谷地形对地震震害有显著的影响.为定量分析河谷地形对汶川大地震汉源县高烈度异常的影响,基于汉源县城震害科学考察和场地勘察获取的资料,根据震害分布特征和流沙河谷地形的特点,选取1条实测得到的横切汉源县城并垂直流沙河河谷方向的典型剖面作为计算模型,以脉冲作为基底输入,采用有限差分方法研究了该剖面的场地放大效应,分析了地形对高烈度异常的影响.计算结果表明:汉源县城场地对地震动放大效应的显著频段是1.0~10Hz,且这一频段老县城场地的放大效应比新县城场地显著;汉源老县城场地对汶川M_S8.0地震主震的地震动有显著的放大效应,地表峰值加速度大大超过了抗震设计规范的规定值;汉源场地地形放大效应显著频段与汶川M_S8.0地震的能量集中频段基本吻合,汉源老县城建筑物的自振频率恰恰位于该频段,产生共振效应,从而造成更显著的放大效应,这也是汉源震害异常的主要原因之一.由此可见,河谷地形对地表地震动有重要的影响,在工程选址和抗震设计时应考虑其影响.     

Experimental and numerical evaluation of the effectiveness of a stiff wave barrier in the soil

This paper discusses the design, the installation, and the experimental and numerical evaluation of the effectiveness of a stiff wave barrier in the soil as a mitigation measure for railway induced vibrations. A full scale in situ experiment has been conducted at a site in El Realengo (Spain), where a barrier consisting of overlapping jet grout columns has been installed along a railway track. This barrier is stiff compared to the soil and has a depth of 7.5 m, a width of 1 m, and a length of 55 m. Geophysical tests have been performed prior to the installation of the barrier for the determination of the dynamic soil characteristics. Extensive measurements have been carried out before and after installation of the barrier, including free field vibrations during train passages, transfer functions between the track and the free field, and the track receptance. Measurements have also been performed at a reference section adjacent to the test section in order to verify the effect of changing train, track, and soil conditions over time. The in situ measurements show that the barrier is very effective: during train passages, a reduction of vibration levels by 5 dB is already obtained from 8 Hz upwards, while a peak reduction of about 12 dB is observed near 30 Hz immediately behind the barrier. The performance decreases further away from the jet grouting wall, but remains significant. The experimental results are also compared to numerical simulations based on a coupled finite element–boundary element methodology. A reasonable agreement between experiments and predictions is found, largely confirming the initially predicted reduction. This in situ test hence serves as a ‘proof of concept׳, demonstrating that stiff wave barriers are capable of significantly reducing vibration levels, provided that they are properly designed.     

川滇地区中小震地震动衰减特征分析

利用2007年以来川滇地区24次中小型破坏性地震（MS4.7~6.7）的基岩场地和土层场地的强震动记录,分别统计获得了川滇地区水平向基岩场地和土层场地的地震动峰值及加速度反应谱衰减关系。通过与俞言祥2001年基于转换方法得到的我国西部基岩地震动衰减关系的对比,验证了本文衰减关系在中小震级对地震动估计的可靠性。同时,根据强震动数据随震级以及震中距的分布情况,分析了本文结果的适用性和可靠性。     

Stochastic analysis of ground response using non-recursive algorithm

During an earthquake, the amplitudes of seismic wave may amplify significantly as it propagates through the soil layers near the ground surface. Analysis of site amplification potential is strongly influenced by the uncertainty associated to the definition of soil thickness and its properties. In this paper, the non-recursive algorithm is used in linear and nonlinear Hybrid Frequency Time Domain (HFTD) approaches for stochastic analysis of site amplification. The non-recursive algorithm causes time reduction of analysis that is the essential base of stochastic analysis. The selected soil stochastic parameters are shear wave velocity, density, damping and thickness. The results of sensitivity analysis also show that the damping ratio is the most effective parameter in PGA at ground surface. The stochastic peak ground acceleration, response spectrum and amplification factor at the ground surface are determined by the two approaches for four sites with different average shear wave velocities. Comparison of the results shows that the nonlinear HFTD approach predicts closer response to real recorded data with respect to linear HFTD.     

Three-dimensional dynamic response of multilayered poroelastic media

ABSTRACT

The dynamic response of a multilayered poroelastic medium under 3D time-harmonic loading is studied using an exact stiffness method. The poroelastic medium under consideration consists of N layers of different thicknesses and properties and an underlying poroelastic half-space. The exact stiffness matrices for each layer and the underlying half-space are derived explicitly using Biot’s poroelastodynamic theory and double-dimensional Fourier transforms. Selected numerical results are presented to demonstrate the influence of various parameters on dynamic response of multilayered poroelastic media under traction and fluid loading. The application of proposed solution scheme to soil–structure interaction problems is also presented.     

Assessment of pingo distribution and morphometry using an IfSAR derived digital surface model, western Arctic Coastal Plain, Northern Alaska

Pingos are circular to elongate ice-cored mounds that form by injection and freezing of pressurized water in near-surface permafrost. Here we use a digital surface model (DSM) derived from an airborne Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR) system to assess the distribution and morphometry of pingos within a 40,000 km² area on the western Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. We have identified 1247 pingo forms in the study region, ranging in height from 2 to 21 m, with a mean height of 4.6 m. Pingos in this region are of hydrostatic origin, with 98% located within 995 drained lake basins, most of which are underlain by thick eolian sand deposits. The highest pingo density (0.18 km^− 2) occurs where streams have reworked these deposits. Morphometric analyses indicate that most pingos are small to medium in size (< 200 m diameter), gently to moderately sloping (< 30°), circular to slightly elongate (mean circularity index of 0.88), and of relatively low height (2 to 5 m). However, 57 pingos stand higher than 10 m, 26 have a maximum slope greater than 30°, and 42 are larger than 200 m in diameter. Comparison with a legacy pingo dataset based on 1950s stereo-pair photography indicates that 66 may have partially or completely collapsed over the last half-century. However, we mapped over 400 pingos not identified in the legacy dataset, and identified only three higher than 2 m to have formed between ca. 1955 and ca. 2005, indicating that caution should be taken when comparing contemporary and legacy datasets derived by different techniques. This comprehensive database of pingo location and morphometry based on an IfSAR DSM may prove useful for land and resource managers as well as aid in the identification of pingo-like features on Mars.     

德清县雷电时空分布特征及雷击灾害风险区划

利用近4 a德清县地闪数据,采用网格法绘制地闪密度图,并对近40 a德清雷县暴日数据进行分析,同时对雷击灾害风险进行区划研究。结果表明：20世纪70—80年代德清县雷暴日较90年代和2000年以后偏多;1971—2000年雷暴日呈下降趋势,但2000年后雷暴日数呈上升趋势;除12月以外每月均有雷暴发生,7月和8月为雷暴日高发期;春夏季雷暴日较多,秋季次之,冬季较少发生雷暴。雷电主要出现在12—13时和15—16时。至2010年,德清县大部分乡镇地闪密度均大于4次/km2,落雷密集区面积逐年增加,高密集区有向山区和东北部乡镇扩散的趋势。落雷的分布与地形有密切关系,西北部高海拔山区和海拔在50—200 m的低坡丘陵地带落雷密度较大。德清县莫干山至对河口水库一带、县城武康北部、洛舍和钟管镇交界一带及雷甸镇西南部均为雷电灾害高风险区。     

GIS-based assessment of risk due to salt mining activities at Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Ground subsidence triggered by salt mining from deposits located beneath the city of Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina) is one of the major dangers acting on a very densely urbanized area since 1950, when the salt deposit exploitation by means of boreholes began. As demonstrated in this paper, subsidence induced several hazard factors such as severe ground deformations, the arising of deep and superficial fractures and a very fast water table rise, connected with the brine extraction, now affecting several districts. The above mentioned factors have been quantified by the use of geomatic methodologies, including field surveys and analysis of geographical data. In order to estimate the historical sinking rates, authors processed the large (and never before processed) amount of topographical data collected during two periods; from 1956 to 1991, and from 1992 to 2003, with only poor data collected. Afterward, traditional surveys were completely and definitively stopped. The analysis reveals a cumulative subsidence as high as 12 m during the whole period, causing damage to buildings and infrastructures within an area that includes a large portion of the historical town, at present almost entirely destroyed. Modern sinking rates have been monitored with static GPS whereas the presence of superficial fractures monitored with kinematic GPS. Factors related to the presence of deep fractures and water table rise have been evaluated by curvature analysis techniques and piezometric data respectively. Finally, hazard factors have been combined in a risk map using the GIS (Geographical Information System) map algebra capabilities and a simple multicriteria decision analysis (MDA). In order to do that, a vulnerability map has been derived on the basis of information reported on a couple of recently sensed high resolution satellite imageries. The final risk, arisen from the combination of single hazard factors and vulnerability map, highlights critical scenarios and unsuspected threatening that are under consideration by the local decision makers and urban planners. In particular, as highlighted in the final risk map, the present-day water table rise, triggered by the decrease in brine pumping, is seriously posing a threat to a portion of the city which is not the most involved in ground deformations.     

Prediction of ground subsidence in Samcheok City,Korea using artificial neural networks and GIS

This study shows the construction of a hazard map for presumptive ground subsidence around abandoned underground coal mines (AUCMs) at Samcheok City in Korea using an artificial neural network, with a geographic information system (GIS). To evaluate the factors governing ground subsidence, an image database was constructed from a topographical map, geological map, mining tunnel map, global positioning system (GPS) data, land use map, digital elevation model (DEM) data, and borehole data. An attribute database was also constructed by employing field investigations and reinforcement working reports for the existing ground subsidence areas at the study site. Seven major factors controlling ground subsidence were determined from the probability analysis of the existing ground subsidence area. Depth of drift from the mining tunnel map, DEM and slope gradient obtained from the topographical map, groundwater level and permeability from borehole data, geology and land use. These factors were employed by with artificial neural networks to analyze ground subsidence hazard. Each factor’s weight was determined by the back-propagation training method. Then the ground subsidence hazard indices were calculated using the trained back-propagation weights, and the ground subsidence hazard map was created by GIS. Ground subsidence locations were used to verify results of the ground subsidence hazard map and the verification results showed 96.06% accuracy. The verification results exhibited sufficient agreement between the presumptive hazard map and the existing data on ground subsidence area. An erratum to this article can be found at