融合Sentinel-2红边波段和Sentinel-1雷达波段影像的扎龙湿地信息提取

以黑龙江流域中的扎龙湿地及其上游区域为研究区,将Sentinel-2红边波段和Sentinel-1雷达波段影像数据相结合,根据面向对象原理,采用随机森林算法,对研究区的湿地进行遥感分类和信息提取;利用3种特征变量集,进行实验对比,研究红边波段反射率和雷达后向散射系数对湿地信息提取的作用。研究结果表明,红边波段反射率和雷达后向散射系数对土地覆盖分类精度的提高起到了重要作用,两者结合得到的分类结果的总体精度达到了88.72%,Kappa系数为0.87,其中,水体、水田和沼泽的用户精度分别为100%、98.18%和91.37%。利用红边波段和雷达波段影像数据,分别使土地覆盖分类总体精度提高了5.26%和2.51%,红边波段影像数据对沼泽提取精度的提高贡献最大,使生产者精度提高了12.5%。     

TRMM PR雷达与阜阳雷达降水资料的对比研究

选取了1998年与1999年HUBEX观测资料，将TRMM卫星上的星载降雨雷达PR与阜阳的713数字化天气雷达资料在以下3个方面做了比较：(1)强度场的分布；(2)平均反射率廓线；(3)灵敏度。分析、比较结果可知阜阳雷达在探测灵敏度和水平方向的分辨率要高于PR，但由于波束宽度、衰减和资料转化过程计算误差的原因，其远距离处的观测值与真实值有一定偏差。PR波长短，对衰减敏感，尤其是在垂直方向上经过强衰减后，订正值仍偏小。但由于探测方式的不同PR在水平方向上不存在衰减的问题，且其资料分布均匀，因此提出一种用PR     

Constraints on hydraulic parameters and implications for groundwater flux across the upland–estuary interface

Analyses of independent laboratory- and field-scale measurements from two sites on Sapelo Island, Georgia reveal heterogeneity in hydraulic parameters across the upland–estuary interface. Regardless of the method used (short-duration pumping tests, amplitude attenuation of tidal pumping data, sediment grain size distributions, and falling head permeameter tests), we obtain hydraulic conductivity of 10⁻⁴ m s⁻¹ for the fine-grained, well-sorted, clean sands that make up the upland areas. Proximal to the upland–estuary boundary, the tidal pumping analyses and permeameter tests suggest that hydraulic conductivities decrease by more than two orders of magnitude, a result consistent with the presence of a clogging layer. Such a clogging layer may arise due to a variety of physical, chemical, or biological processes. The extent and orientation of the layers of reduced hydraulic conductivity near the upland–estuary boundary influence the nature of the aquifer's response to tidal forcing. Where the lower conductivity layer forms a relatively flat creek bank, tidal pumping produces a primarily mechanical response in the adjacent aquifer. Where the creek bank is nearly vertical, there is a more direct hydraulic connection between the tidal creek and the adjacent aquifer. The clogging layer likely contributes to the development of complicated flow pathways across the upland–estuary boundary. Effective flow paths calculated from tidal pumping data terminate within the marsh, beyond the boundary of the upland aquifer, suggesting a diffuse regime of groundwater discharge in the marsh. We postulate that, in many settings, submarsh flow may be as important as seepage faces for groundwater discharge into the marsh–estuary complex.     

Development of a geotechnical and geophysical database for seismic zonation of the Ankara Basin,Turkey

The Kocaeli earthquake (M _w = 7.4) of 17 August 1999 occurred in the Eastern Marmara Region of Turkey along the North Anadolu Fault and resulted in a very serious loss of life and property. One of the most important geotechnical issues of this event was the permanent ground deformations because of both liquefaction and faulting. These deformations occurred particularly along the southern shores of ?zmit Bay and Sapanca Lake between the cities of Yalova and Adapazar? in the west and east, respectively. In this study, three sites founded on delta fans, namely De?irmendere Nose, Yeniköy tea garden at Seymen on the coast of ?zmit Bay, and Vak?f Hotel site on the coast of Sapanca Lake were selected as typical cases. The main causes of the ground deformations at these sites were then investigated. Geotechnical characterization of the ground, derivation of displacement vectors from the pre- and post-earthquake aerial photographs, liquefaction assessments based on field performance data, and analyses carried out using the sliding body method have been fundamental in this study. The displacement vectors determined from photogrammetric evaluations conducted at De?irmendere and Seymen showed a combined movement of faulting and liquefaction. But except the movements in the close vicinity of shorelines, the dominant factor in this movement was faulting. The results obtained from the analyses suggested that the ground failure at De?irmendere was a submarine landslide mainly because of earthquake shaking rather than liquefaction. On the other hand, the ground failures at the Yeniköy tea garden on the coast of Seymen and the hotel area in Sapanca town resulted from liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. It was also obtained that the ground deformations estimated from the sliding body method were quite close to those measured by aerial photogrammetry technique.     

Ground response analysis of Kanpur soil along Indo-Gangetic Plains

The present work deals with 1D and 2D ground response analysis and liquefaction analysis of alluvial soil deposits from Kanpur region along Indo-Gangetic plains. Standard penetration tests and seismic down hole tests have been conducted at four locations namely IITK, Nankari village, Mandhana and Bithoor at 1.5 m interval up to a depth of 30 m below the ground surface to find the variation of penetration blows and the shear wave velocity along the depth. From the selected sites undisturbed as well as representative soil samples have been collected for detailed soil classification. The soil profiles from four sites have been considered for 1D and 2D ground response analysis by applying the free field motions of three Himalayan earthquakes namely Chamba earthquake (M_w—5.1), Chamoli earthquake (M_w—6.4) and Uttarkashi earthquake (M_w—6.5). An average value of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) obtained from 1D and 2D analysis is considered for liquefaction analysis and post-liquefaction settlement. The excess pore water pressure ratio is greater than 0.8 at a depth of 24 m from ground surface for IITK, Nankari village, Bithoor sites. More than 50% of post liquefaction settlement is contributed by layers from 21–30 m for all sites. In general, the soil deposits in Kanpur region have silty sand and sand deposits and are prone to liquefaction hazards due to drastic decrease of cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) at four chosen sites in Kanpur.     

基于雷达组网拼图和XGBoost的雷达定量降水估测

针对传统方法采用天气雷达进行强降水的定量估测存在较大偏差问题,论文以1 h累计雨量为估测对象,基于雷达组网拼图资料,采用XGBoost(eXtreme Gradient Boosting)算法,建立新的雷达估测降水模型。该模型设计以前1 h的雷达组合反射率因子作为输入,进一步采用若干个剔除异常样本的策略有效清除建模样本中的部分噪声,更好地构建了雷达组合反射率与估测对象之间的非线性映射关系。在32万个独立检验样本的估测结果中,其均方根误差(RMSE)为6.04 mm、平均绝对误差(MAE)为3.50 mm、预报偏差(BIAS)为1.05;与目前业务系统上使用的ZR(300,1.4)关系方法相比,前者的RMSE和MAE分别下降了20.6%和10.3%,而BIAS指标则显示后者对降水量级的估测明显低估。进一步对小时雨强大于10 mm样本的统计结果表明,新方案的RMSE、MAE以及TS评分均大幅优于ZR(300,1.4)关系方法,可进行实际业务应用。     

南京地区一次强降水超级单体过程的双偏振雷达观测分析

基于南京信息工程大学C波段双偏振雷达观测数据,结合探空和地面实况资料,对2016年7月7日发生在南京地区的一次强降水超级单体过程进行双偏振雷达变量特征分析。结果表明：(1)当后向传播和多单体合并造成02—03时出现129.2 mm·h^-1极端强降水时,最强回波Z_H约60 dBZ,差分反射率因子Z_DR达5 dB,差分相位常数K_DP超过8 (°)·km^-1。K_DP大值区与地面上小时雨强极大值中心存在较好的对应关系。反射率因子Z_H、差分反射率因子Z_DR、差分相位常数K_DP与小时雨强也有显著的正相关。(2)强降水超级单体发展旺盛阶段,垂直运动明显增强,上升气流活跃,冰雹和霰占的比例高,-20°C以上存在深厚的混合相态区,闪电的频次和强度明显增强,分钟雨强增大。相关系数小值区ρ_HV以及Z_DR弧超前于超级单体1个体扫发生,并可以指示超级单体底层上升气流区的位置...     

Ionospheric corrections of MARSIS subsurface sounding signals with filters including collision frequency

Ionospheric corrections of Mars advanced radar for subsurface and ionosphere sounding (MARSIS) subsurface sounding signals are necessary before they can be further analyzed. Usually the ionosphere correction only considers the phase dispersion owing to the electron densities. In this paper we show that if the electron-neutral collision frequency is included in the correction filter, the signal-to-noise ratio of the processed signal can be further maximized and the spatial resolution of the signal be improved. Three different models of the ionosphere profile have been studied, and it is shown that a uniform slab model, of both densities and collisions, is feasible and probably the best choice when implementing the correction filter including collisions. The physical significance of the parameters obtained with the uniform model (equivalent parameters) is discussed, and it is shown that they are useful for the estimation of the real physical parameters of the ionosphere. We developed a recursive, random search algorithm to facilitate the realization of the correction process with the filter including collision frequency.     

我国砂岩型铀矿床研究与勘查新进展

砂岩型铀矿,目前是我国铀矿地质找矿的主要方向之一。该类矿床多分布于中、新生代层间氧化带内,赋矿深度较大,找矿具有一定的局限性,因此开展对砂岩型铀矿的找矿方法探索具有重要的意义。该类矿床勘查的方法主要有活性炭吸附氡法、放射性水化学法、腐殖酸抽提法、分量化探法、深穿透地球化学法、地球电化学法等本文通过总结这些方法的原理、适用条件及注意事项,提出采用多种方法追踪铀矿异常可更有效的发现矿化信息。