基于可持续发展的绿色广东制度建设的动力机制

绿色广东建设的内涵丰富,其根本核心是基于可持续发展的制度创新。制度创新有利于克服科技创新面临的外部性障碍和风险,是实现从传统经济向循环经济模式转变的关键。在分析广东省制度创新的优势与不足的基础上,揭示推动绿色广东建设的动力机制,提出绿色广东制度创新的对策。具体通过建立资源环境有偿使用机制、环境容量分配及排污权交易等机制,探索生态补偿机制的市场化运作,并在广东率先培育中国式的环境非政府组织(NGO),建立享有环境权益的公众参与机制,形成政府、市场、公众等三方参与的激励约束兼容机制。     

全球气候变化对自然土壤碳,氮循环的影响

大气中的温室气体浓度在不断升高,近年来增加速度加快,预计２０３０年ＣＯ２浓度将加倍,这将引起全球气候变化,即地球表面温度升高,全球平均降水增加,但变化幅度区域差异显著。气候变化对土壤系统产生重要影响,土壤碳库和碳流将发生显著变化;土壤释放ＣＯ２和ＣＨ４的量明显增加,有机质分解加快;土壤Ｎ流失加快;土壤生物多样性会受影响。     

Spectral indicators of forage quality in West Africa’s tropical savannas

Forage is among the essential ecosystem services provided by tropical savannas. Expected changes in climate and land use may cause a strong decline in herbaceous forage provision and thus make it advisable to monitor its dynamics. Spectroscopy offers promising tools for fast and non-destructive estimations of forage variables, yet suffers from unfavourable measurement conditions during the tropical growing period such as frequent cloud cover and high humidity. This study aims to test whether spatio-temporal information on the quality (metabolisable energy content, ME) and quantity (green biomass, BM) of West African forage resources can be correlated to in situ measured reflectance data. We could establish robust and independent models via partial least squares regression, when spectra were preprocessed using second derivative transformation (ME: max. adjusted R² in validation (_adjR²_VAL) = 0.83, min. normalised root mean square error (nRMSE) = 7.3%; BM: max. _adjR²_VAL = 0.75, min. nRMSE = 9.4%). Reflectance data with a reduced spectral range (350–1075 nm) still rendered satisfactory accuracy.Our results confirm that a strong correlation between forage characteristics and reflectance of tropical savanna vegetation can be found. For the first time in field spectroscopy studies, forage quality is modelled as ME content based on 24-h in vitro gas production in the Hohenheim gas test system and crude protein concentration of BM. Established spectral models could help to monitor forage provision in space and time, which is of great importance for an adaptive livestock management.     

Estimation of green grass/herb biomass from airborne hyperspectral imagery using spectral indices and partial least squares regression

The main objective was to determine whether partial least squares (PLS) regression improves grass/herb biomass estimation when compared with hyperspectral indices, that is normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and red-edge position (REP). To achieve this objective, fresh green grass/herb biomass and airborne images (HyMap) were collected in the Majella National Park, Italy in the summer of 2005. The predictive performances of hyperspectral indices and PLS regression models were then determined and compared using calibration (n = 30) and test (n = 12) data sets. The regression model derived from NDVI computed from bands at 740 and 771 nm produced a lower standard error of prediction (SEP = 264 g m⁻²) on the test data compared with the standard NDVI involving bands at 665 and 801 nm (SEP = 331 g m⁻²), but comparable results with REPs determined by various methods (SEP = 261 to 295 g m⁻²). PLS regression models based on original, derivative and continuum-removed spectra produced lower prediction errors (SEP = 149 to 256 g m⁻²) compared with NDVI and REP models. The lowest prediction error (SEP = 149 g m⁻², 19% of mean) was obtained with PLS regression involving continuum-removed bands. In conclusion, PLS regression based on airborne hyperspectral imagery provides a better alternative to univariate regression involving hyperspectral indices for grass/herb biomass estimation in the Majella National Park.     

四川盆地及周缘地区早三叠世富锂绿豆岩的岩浆作用制约

四川盆地及周缘地区早-中三叠世地层发育大量富锂绿豆岩, 前人系统开展过大量矿物学及年代学研究, 但对其中锂成矿物质来源及其富集机理等方面研究较为薄弱, 区域岩浆作用与沉积型锂矿的成因关系不明。本文通过对重庆北碚绿豆岩的矿物学、岩石地球化学、锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学及锆石Lu-Hf同位素特征研究, 并与四川盆地及周缘地区的绿豆岩进行对比, 结果显示四川盆地及周缘绿豆岩层位内锂的富集规律表现为绿豆岩层的下部及中部层位锂含量明显高于上部层位的锂含量。北碚绿豆岩成岩时代为248±2Ma, 源岩为流纹质英安岩/英安岩, 为早三叠世火山弧岩浆作用的产物。北碚绿豆岩、四川盆地周缘绿豆岩与西南三江地区早三叠世岩浆活动具有明显的成因联系, 是西南三江地区火山岩浆活动在四川盆地及周缘地区的响应。四川盆地及周缘地区绿豆岩内锂富集主要与区域火山岩浆作用及后期深部流体有关, 西南三江地区早三叠世中酸性火山岩浆作用为四川盆地及周缘地区绿豆岩的形成提供了充足的火山灰及部分锂成矿物质, 火山灰降落之后受深部流体作用而进一步富集锂, 最终经埋藏成岩作用而形成含硅质豆粒的富锂绿豆岩。

     

Full three-dimensional tomography: a comparison between the scattering-integral and adjoint-wavefield methods

This paper analyses the computational issues of full 3-D tomography, in which the starting model as well as the model perturbation is 3-D and the sensitivity (Fréchet) kernels are calculated using the full physics of 3-D wave propagation. We compare two formulations of the structural inverse problem: the adjoint-wavefield (AW) method, which back-propagates the data from the receivers to image structure, and the scattering-integral (SI) method, which sets up the inverse problem by calculating and storing the Fréchet kernels for each data functional. The two inverse methods are closely related, but which one is more efficient depends on the overall problem geometry, particularly on the ratio of sources to receivers, as well as trade-offs in computational resources, such as the relative costs of compute cycles to data storage. We find that the SI method is computationally more efficient than the AW method in regional waveform tomography using large sets of natural sources, although it requires more storage.     

A failed green future: Navajo Green Jobs and energy “transition” in the Navajo Nation

This article considers the Navajo Green Jobs effort of 2009, an attempt to “transition” energy production from coal to wind and solar for the largest tribe in the United States, the Navajo Nation. Through ethnographic “revisits,” in 2008 and 2013, I argue that Navajo Green Jobs contained two problematic hybrid neoliberal assumptions about governance and development: (1) it decentered governing authority from the tribe to “the community” while undermining the legitimacy of the tribal government, and (2) it promoted private entrepreneurship over public investment as the vehicle for energy transition. Ultimately, the Navajo Nation rejected Navajo Green Jobs and re-appropriated its temporal language in order to justify a reinvestment in coal in the form of a new energy company, NTEC. This article concludes that consideration of the spatial and social embedded nature of energy production is vital for understanding energy transitions today.     

A new method to calculate near-field radiation excited by heterogeneous fault rupture

This paper derives from the representation theory the formula for calculating the radiation excited by heterogene- ous fault rupture based on box-like discretization scheme. Preliminary validation indicates that our algorithm has very high computation precision and efficiency; therefore, it is a very practical tool to investigate strong ground motion problems. Additionally, the equations given in this study can also be used to invert the fault rupture proc- ess.     

Seasonal variability of Holocene climate: a palaeolimnological study on varved sediments in Lake Jues (Harz Mountains, Germany)

Studies combining sedimentological and biological evidence to reconstruct Holocene climate beyond the major changes, and especially seasonality, are rare in Europe, and are nearly completely absent in Germany. The present study tries to reconstruct changes of seasonality from evidence of annual algal successions within the framework of well-established pollen zonation and ¹⁴C-AMS dates from terrestrial plants. Laminated Holocene sediments in Lake Jues (10°20.7′ E, 51°39.3′ N, 241 m a.s.l.), located at the SW margin of the Harz Mountains, central Germany, were studied for sediment characteristics, pollen, diatoms and coccal green algae. An age model is based on 21 calibrated AMS radiocarbon dates from terrestrial plants. The sedimentary record covers the entire Holocene period. Trophic status and circulation/stagnation patterns of the lake were inferred from algal assemblages, the subannual structure of varves and the physico-chemical properties of the sediment. During the Holocene, mixing conditions alternated between di-, oligo- and meromictic depending on length and variability of spring and fall periods, and the stability of winter and summer weather. The trophic state was controlled by nutrient input, circulation patterns and the temperature-dependent rates of organic production and mineralization. Climate shifts, mainly in phase with those recorded from other European regions, are inferred from changing limnological conditions and terrestrial vegetation. Significant changes occurred at 11,600 cal. yr. BP (Preboreal warming), between 10,600 and 10,100 cal. yr. BP (Boreal cooling), and between 8,400 and 4,550 cal. yr. BP (warm and dry interval of the Atlantic). Since 4,550 cal. yr. BP the climate became gradually cooler, wetter and more oceanic. This trend was interrupted by warmer and dryer phases between 3,440 and 2,850 cal. yr. BP and, likely, between 2,500 and 2,250 cal. yr. BP.