藏东南泥石流沟纵剖面演化的最小功模式

西藏东南地区的泥石流可分为雨水、冰雪融水和冰湖溃决等3种成因类型,其沟谷纵剖面演化均遵循最小功原理,即通过调整坡降使流速增大,表现为单位流体的全程流速平均值ū与纵剖面形态指数N正相关:ū∝f(N),对雨水型泥石流沟,流速函数f(N)={1/3-2/[(N+1)(N+2)(N+3)]}^1/2;对融水型泥石流沟,f(N)={2/3-2/[(N+1)(N+3)]}^1/2;对溃决型泥石流沟,f(N)=[NP(N+1)]^2/3。在泥石流沟谷演化进程中,与ū值由小变大相应,N值由小变大,沟谷纵剖面从上凸抛物线形变为下凹抛物线形,泥石流沟谷地貌演化阶段按泥石流孕育阶段、发展阶段、旺盛阶段、衰减阶段的顺序演替。以藏东南典型泥石流沟作为实例,检验了上述沟谷地貌演化的模式与规律。     

乌鲁木齐风廓线雷达的探测能力评估

利用2011年12月~2013年3月CFL－03型风廓线雷达在乌鲁木齐市的风探测数据与同期的常规探空数据开展了比对分析,从而对风廓线雷达探测数据的可靠性和探测能力给予了评估。结果表明,受乌鲁木齐四季不同的气候背景影响,CFL－03型风廓线雷达的数据获取率在夏季最高,在冬季最低,80%的数据获取率等值线夏季、冬季各自达到的高度分别为4500m和1980m;受低空地物回波、探测盲区等因素影响,240m以下风廓线雷达探测的风速误差较大,240m以上风廓线雷达四季探测的风速普遍小于实况,误差在-1~0m/s之间的出现频率最高,介于28.8%~31.8%,且在四季最大频率出现的高度有所差异,总体来看夏季风速误差相对较小;风向误差总体在-22.5°~0°之间的出现频率最高,且随着高度增加频率增加;风廓线雷达风速的探测能力优于风向,二者与实况的相关系数各自为0.9左右和0.6~0.8;通过长时间序列的风速、风向资料的比较,说明CFL－03型风廓线雷达能够较为准确地反映冬季天气过程的演变,且能够较为精细地刻画夏季短时强降水天气过程中高低空气流的变化特点。在综合考虑低空地物回波、探测盲区因素以及高空气球探空飘移等多种因素影响的情况下,可见CFL－03型风廓线雷达对乌鲁木齐大气环境和天气过程拥有较可靠的监测能力。     

数字ADCP波束偏转公式的解算

波束偏转是由基阵旋转引起的.将Janus结构数字ADCP基阵旋转进行横滚、纵倾、航偏分解考虑,进而推导了波束偏转公式.     

Stemflow on the woody parts of plants: dependence on rainfall intensity and event profile from laboratory simulations

This paper presents the first experimental study of how rainfall intensity and event profile affects stemflow behaviour on the rigid branches and stems of leafless, woody plants. Constant intensity rainfall simulation experiments showed that stemflow fraction rises with intensity. Varying intensity experiments showed that the stemflow fraction and stemflow flux vary with the rainfall event intensity profile and peak intensity. Stemflow fraction tends to be larger when intensity peaks occur early in the rainfall event, and variable intensity events exhibited peak stemflow fluxes >3 times those seen in constant intensity events. Moreover, experiments in which incident drop energy was reduced by a mesh screen suspended above the test plant commonly showed increases of >100% (and exceeding 300% under particular intensity profiles) in stemflow fraction, depth and peak stemflow flux. The results suggest that the development of trickle pathways along woody branches is facilitated by rain of moderate intensity and that splash dislodgement of attached water progressively reduces the adhesion of drops during intense rainfall. Thus, in plants with extensive woody branches, it is not merely rainfall intensity that determines stemflow fraction but the temporal variations in rainfall intensity. This offers a new explanation for increased stemflow production when trees are leafless, than when foliage is present, in terms of the reduced intensity peaks during rain in the dormant season. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高阻异常蕴含裂隙温泉的实例与思考

在海南岛九所—陵水断裂带附近的黄流、九所、崖城测区,使用联合剖面法和高密度电阻率法进行地下水勘查;发现九所测区低阻异常处钻孔出水量贫乏,黄流测区团块状高阻异常处钻孔出水量较大,在崖城测区,将钻孔布置在高阻地段,勘探到基岩裂隙型温泉。初步认为上述测区低阻地段岩石破碎,泥化严重,水量贫乏;而团块状高阻地段,基岩裂隙未被泥土填充,导水性较好,钻孔出水量较大。     

风廓线雷达产品在冰雹天气过程中的应用研究

本文利用威宁县2022年6月2日一次冰雹天气过程风廓线雷达资料和威宁国家基准气候站降水资料,采用数理统计等方法对本次天气过程的风廓线雷达特征进行分析结果表明：冰雹、短时强降水开始前,低空急流的建立和垂直风切变的加强,急流造成的辐合加上近地层风向的切变作用为冰雹和强降水的产生提供了很好的动力条件;冰雹和短时强降水开始发生时,2000米高度以上有很大的正速度,可以作为一个指标判断对流发展的强弱情况;冰雹发生时折射结构常数（Cn2）值在-128~-110dB之间,也能很好的反映冰雹等强对流天气的开始,增强和结束过程。     

Change of Soil Organic Carbon after Cropland Afforestation in ′Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control′ Program Area in China

Land use change is one of the major factors that affect soil organic carbon(SOC) variation and global carbon balance. However, the effects of land use change on SOC are always variable. In this study, using a series of paired-field experiments, we estimated the effects of revegetation types and environmental conditions on SOC stock and vertical distribution after replacement of cropland with poplar(Populus tomentosa) and korshinsk peashrub(Caragana korshinskii) in three climate regions(Chifeng City, Fengning City and Datong City of the ′Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control′(BTSSC) program area. The results show that SOC sequestration rate ranges from 0.15 Mg/(ha·yr) to 3.76 Mg/(ha·yr) in the soil layer of 0–100 cm in early stage after cropland afforestation in the BTSSC program area. The SOC accumulation rates are the highest in Fengning for both the two vegetation types. Compared to C. korshinskii, P. tomentosa has greater effects on SOC accumulation in the three climate regions, but significantly greater effect only appears in Datong. The SOC density increases by 20%–111% and 15%–59% for P. tomentosa and 9%–63% and 0–73% for C. korshinskii in the 0–20 cm and 20–100 cm soil layers, respectively. Our results indicate that cropland afforestation not only affects SOC stock in the topsoil, but also has some effects on subsoil carbon. However, the effect of cropland afforestation on SOC accumulation varied with climate regions and revegetation types. Considering the large area of revegetation and relatively high SOC accumulation rate, SOC sequestration in the BTSSC program should contribute significantly to decrease the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.     

Orientation of a pad of SAGD well pairs in an Athabasca point bar deposit affects performance

It has been shown that the performance of a Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) well pair is affected by its orientation and position within a point bar deposit. In typical commercial operations, multiple horizontal wellpairs, usually arranged parallel to each other, are arranged in pads within oil sands reservoirs. Thus, the overall performance of the recovery process in a point bar is not represented by a single well pair but how the set of well pairs interact with the structure and geometry of the point bar notably including the arrangement of inclined heterolithic strata relative to the SAGD well pairs. This research describes how the point bar structure impacts the performance of a pad of SAGD wellpairs and the impact of pad orientation on performance of the pad. Also, the results show that the variability of the performance of the well pairs within the pad is large and thus, single well pair models do not provide sufficient analysis of the SAGD process performance due to the heterogeneity of the point bar. In other words, pad-scale models are required for recovery process evaluation and design. Furthermore, the variability of performance obtained from the models provides an estimate of the variability that may result for systems where seismic data is not available or is not sufficient to fully characterize the point bar.     

华南一次强飑线过程的三维变分风场反演效果分析

利用三维变分方法对2014年3月30—31日华南一次强飑线过程进行风场反演,经与风廓线雷达探测结果、双多普勒天气雷达反演结果、原始径向速度数据等对比分析,得到如下结论：三维变分方法反演的中低层水平风场与风廓线雷达探测到的结果较为一致,且能很好地表现飑线过境时的风向切变;通过与双多普勒雷达风场反演结果对比发现,两种方法得到的风场空间分布十分相似,均能很好地表现2 km高度上系统内部强带状回波前缘的辐合线以及5 km高度上较弱的辐散;三维变分方法反演的水平风场与径向速度场有较好的一致性,2 km高度强回波带前缘阵风锋处的辐合线位置以及5 km和8 km高度上辐散区的位置均与径向速度场十分吻合;三维变分方法反演的垂直速度能较好地反映该飑线过程中气流的上升和下沉运动,平行于飑线方向的气流变化较小,而系统气流变化主要沿垂直于飑线的方向。三维变分方法反演的飑线系统的三维风场结构合理,反演结果可靠。     

大对流有效位能和条件不稳定下地形降水的三维理想数值研究

利用WRF(V3.01)中尺度数值模式,对具有大对流有效位能和条件不稳定层结下中小尺度地形对降水的影响进行了一系列三维理想数值试验,探讨了不同地形高度、尺度、形状(水平形态比)以及环境气流对降水模态和分布的影响.结果发现:在大对流有效位能(2875 J/kg)和条件不稳定(Nw≈0.01 s-1)下,地形重力波破碎触发...