The Holocene Secche di Lazzaro phreatomagmatic succession (Stromboli,Italy): evidence of pyroclastic density current origin deduced by facies analysis and AMS flow directions

The edifice of Stromboli volcano gravitationally collapsed several times during its volcanic history (>100 ka–present). The largest Holocene event occurred during the final stage of the Neostromboli activity (∼13–5 ka), and was accompanied by the emplacement of phreatomagmatic and lahar deposits, known as the Secche di Lazzaro succession. A stratigraphic and paleomagnetic study of the Secche di Lazzaro deposits allows the interpretation of the emplacement and the eruptive processes. We identify three main units within the succession that correspond to changing eruption conditions. The lower unit (UA) consists of accretionary lapilli-rich, thinly bedded, parallel- to cross-stratified ash deposits, interpreted to indicate the early stages of the eruption and emplacement of dilute pyroclastic density currents. Upward, the second unit (UB) of the deposit is more massive and the beds thicker, indicating an increase in the sedimentation rate from pyroclastic density currents. The upper unit (UC) caps the succession with thick, immediately post-eruptive lahars, which reworked ash deposited on the volcano’s slope. Flow directions obtained by Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) analysis of the basal bed of UA at the type locality suggest a provenance of pyroclastic currents from the sea. This is interpreted to be related to the initial base-surges associated with water–magma interaction that occurred immediately after the lateral collapse, which wrapped around the shoulder of the sector collapse scar. Upward in the stratigraphy (upper beds of UA and UB) paleoflow directions change and show a provenance from the summit vent, probably related to the multiple collapses of a vertical, pulsatory eruptive column.     

New insights into Late Pleistocene explosive volcanic activity and caldera formation on Ischia (southern Italy)

A new pyroclastic stratigraphy is presented for the island of Ischia, Italy, for the period ∼75–50 ka BP. The data indicate that this period bore witness to the largest eruptions recorded on the island and that it was considerably more volcanically active than previously thought. Numerous vents were probably active during this period. The deposits of at least 10 explosive phonolite to basaltic-trachyandesite eruptions are described and interpreted. They record a diverse range of explosive volcanic activity including voluminous fountain-fed ignimbrite eruptions, fallout from sustained eruption columns, block-and-ash flows, and phreatomagmatic eruptions. Previously unknown eruptions have been recognised for the first time on the island. Several of the eruptions produced pyroclastic density currents that covered the whole island as well as the neighbouring island of Procida and parts of the mainland. The morphology of Ischia was significantly different to that seen today, with edifices to the south and west and a submerged depression in the centre. The largest volcanic event, the Monte Epomeo Green Tuff (MEGT) resulted in caldera collapse across all or part of the island. It is shown to comprise at least two thick intracaldera ignimbrite flow-units, separated by volcaniclastic sediments that were deposited during a pause in the eruption. Extracaldera deposits of the MEGT include a pumice fall deposit emplaced during the opening phases of the eruption, a widespread lithic lag breccia outcropping across much of Ischia and Procida, and a distal ignimbrite in south-west Campi Flegrei. During this period the style and magnitude of volcanism was dictated by the dynamics of a large differentiated magma chamber, which was partially destroyed during the MEGT eruption. This contrasts with the small-volume Holocene and historical effusive and explosive activity on Ischia, the timing and distribution of which has been controlled by the resurgence of the Monte Epomeo block. The new data contribute to a clearer understanding of the long-term volcanic and magmatic evolution of Ischia.     

兖州煤田矿山地质环境现状与治理对策

针对煤炭开采引发的采空塌陷和矿山生态环境破坏等问题,调查分析了山东兖州煤田开发利用现状,及采空塌陷、水环境污染、土壤污染等地质灾害的分布范围及其危害。统计表明,截止2005年,兖州煤田已累计塌陷116.127 km2,其中塌陷积水区已达18.92 km2,最大塌陷深度9.2 m,预计到21世纪中叶,兖州煤田将形成32 000 hm2的塌陷区。针对兖州煤田实际,提出了改进采矿方式、煤炭地下气化、塌陷土地复垦、煤矸石综合利用等矿山地质环境保护与治理对策,同时提出了建立和实施具有行业特色的矿区循环经济发展模式。      

泥石流源地土体应力应变特性对降雨响应过程的分析——以蒋家沟泥石流为例

根据对蒋家沟泥石流源地的崩塌、滑坡、散流坡,在旱季与雨季不同时段,降雨入渗后的土壤含水状况观测,以及泉水季节性变化,详细分析了泥石流源地崩塌、滑坡、散流坡土体的应力应变特性对降雨的响应过程差异.在雨季滑坡临空面和滑坡体内的土体含水量分别为6.67%、4.8%,滑坡活动主要是通过前缘剪出口崩塌方式补给下方沟床.崩塌体由于土体结构极为松散,在雨季该土体含水量通常高达8.85%～16%,使其土体的抗剪强度(C、φ)处于极限应力状态,一旦遇到降雨浸润和冲刷,迅速触变液化,转化为高浓度泥石流的侵蚀产沙过程.     

汶川大地震震害特点与成因分析

2008年5月12日汶川地震造成巨大人员伤亡和财产损失.本文从工程抗震角度分析了震区房屋倒塌的原因,指出地震时房屋倒塌与否与诸多因素有关.在此基础上,分析了汶川地震震害严重的四个主要因素:震级大,烈度高,断层破裂长;震区人口稠密,房屋、路桥等人工工程多;抗震设防水平低;地震诱发地质灾害严重.最后,将汶川地震震害与1976年唐山地震震害作了对比.所得结论可供理解汶川地震震害、改进结构抗震设计参考.     

邵武-河源断裂带中段重磁、垂直形变场特征及其与地震的关系

综合利用流动重磁和流动跨断层短水准复测资料, 分析了邵武-河源断裂带中段重磁场和地壳形变场的时空强变化特征.结果表明:地磁场的变化与监测区的地震活动有较好的对应关系,在震源区附近会出现重力场变化的异常梯度带;断裂两盘垂直形变受区域断裂控制,其差异性变化有指示局部地区孕震活动的作用.     

复杂层状岩层隧道塌方原因分析与加固后信息化施工技术

关口垭隧道右洞Yk73+955～Yk73+925段在施工过程中出现塌方,从层状岩层分布、偏压和雨水侵蚀作用以及前期地质勘测欠准确等方面分析塌方原因,结合工程具体情况,比较分析超前小导管和长大管棚处理方案的优缺点,选择超前小导管预注浆辅以工字钢处理塌方区,在处理段增设监测断面,通过监测隧道的收敛位移和拱顶下沉量以及钢拱架的内力反映隧道围岩的稳定状况,量测结果表明,在一定时间内围岩达到稳定,表明采用超前小导管预注浆方法处理隧道塌方区效果良好。     

甘南某金矿地球物理探测与冒顶事故分析

甘南某金矿3号矿体采用空场法开采,于2006年12月4日采场发生冒顶坍塌,造成矿山停产。为了恢复矿山生产和今后矿山生产安全,需要进行采场坍塌原因分析,了解采场塌埋填实情况,以便采取相应安全措施,保证采矿安全。为此,首先根据3号矿体的地质、采矿条件,分析了采场坍塌原因及其主要影响因素。在此基础上,采用地球物理勘探技术,进行了采场空区的电磁法探测,由此揭示了采场的空区填埋情况。同时,圈定了深部矿床的异常区,不仅为矿区恢复生产提供了重要设计依据,而且为矿山深部资源开发提供了重要的参考价值。     

盐穴储气库水溶造腔夹层垮塌力学机制研究

盐岩矿床中难溶泥质夹层的存在给地下储库水溶造腔带来了诸多不利影响,如何有效地预测与控制水溶造腔过程中泥质夹层的垮塌成为亟待解决的技术难题。夹层垮塌力学机制研究以该问题为背景,建立了水溶造腔过程中夹层垮塌分析的力学模型,并应用弹性板壳理论进行了求解,根据求解结果对夹层因局部破损及整体失稳引起垮塌的力学机制分别进行了论述,对夹层垮塌的力学机理进行了总结,给出了一种计算夹层极限跨度的方法。研究成果对水溶造腔过程中夹层垮塌的预测与控制有重要指导意义。     

公路隧道局部塌方洞段的围岩稳定性评价

结合某公路隧道工程,以现场地质调查和监测资料为基础,在结构面发育且可能发生大规模塌方的围岩洞段,根据现场实际统计的优势结构面产状,采用关键块体理论、非连续变形方法（DDA）首先确定围岩主要的失稳破坏模式,然后运用连续介质分析程序FLAC,在DDA方法确定的围岩实际变形破坏塌方形态的基础上进行计算分析,评价围岩的整体稳定性及加固措施的有效性。分析表明,围岩破坏的主要模式为受结构面控制的局部块体的失稳,工程开挖后围岩不会发生大变形,这与实际情况基本一致,为安全施工提供了保证。采用非连续变形方法和连续介质计算相结合的分析方法对隧道工程塌方稳定性进行研究,取得了较好的效果,研究方法和经验可为类似工程参考并借鉴。