A PDF-based analysis of the spatial structure of retailing

The present paper proposes a new method for analyzing the spatial structure of retailing, using microscale locational data of individual retail stores. The method is based on the probability density function (PDF) of stores estimated from their locational data, and consequently it is applicable to both micro- and macro-scale retail analyses. The PDF approach provides a set of quantitative methods that permit us (1) to measure the degree of agglomeration, (2) to classify spatial patterns of store location, (3) to analyze the relationship between the size and function of retail agglomerations, and (4) to analyze the spatial structure of retail agglomeration. An empirical study is performed to test the validity of the method, and some empirical findings are shown. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Noble Gases in the Lunar Regolith

The most fundamental character of lunar soil is its high concentrations of solar-wind-implanted elements, and the concentrations and behavior of the noble gases He, Ne, Ar, and Xe, which provide unique and extensive information about a broad range of fundamental problems. In this paper, the authors studied the forming mechanism of lunar regolith, and proposed that most of the noble gases in lunar regolith come from the solar wind. Meteoroid bombardment controls the maturity of lunar soil, with the degree of maturation decreasing with grain size; the concentrations of the noble gases would be of slight variation with the depth of lunar soil but tend to decrease with grain size. In addition, the concentrations of noble gases in lunar soil also show a close relationship with its mineral and chemical compositions. The utilization prospects of the noble gas ^3He in lunar regolith will be further discussed.     

山西省煤炭资源形势分析及保障程度

山西省煤炭资源的有效供给能力和资源保障程度,对全国经济可持续发展起着举足轻重的作用。基于2006年末煤炭资源现状和赋存情况的研究,对全省煤炭资源形势及其保障程度得出如下结论：①全省保有煤炭资源储量相对丰富,在全国煤炭开发布局中优势明显;②煤炭资源地质条件中等偏简单,资源丰度中等,煤类分布特征突出;③生产矿井煤炭资源储量的占用比重大,但开发利用集约化及产业集中程度低,优质资源损耗浪费严重;④可供开采利用及需进一步勘查确认的可利用资源的规模与空间较大;⑤预测资源潜力较大,找矿（煤）勘查难度增加。并根据煤炭资源开发现状及当前地质勘查程度．就如何提高煤炭资源保障程度的提出了建议。     

Texture Segmentation Based on Image Model and Neural Network

INTRODUCTIoNImagetextureanalysisisanimportantpartofresearchin-tocomputervision.Forobjectidentificationandunderstand-ing,textureanalysisisthebasisoftheresearchwork.Ingeneral,texturecanberegardedasakindofstructurethatconsistsofmanytextureelementsorpatternswhicharemoreorlesssimilar,i.e.,primitivesthatformtexturesandspatialdependenceorinteractionbetweentheprimitives.Ex-tensiveresearchhasbeendoneintextureanalysis,andrefer-ence(Haralick,l979)hasmadeathoroughsurvey.Amongthesetextureanalysismetho…     

浙江省滑坡灾害预警预报的降雨阀值研究

根据浙江省降雨的特点,将降雨分为台风降雨和非台风降雨,采用统计方法研究了区域性滑坡灾害与台风区和非台风区降雨量及降雨强度的相关性,通过相关性分析确定了有效降雨量模型;得到了浙江省区域性滑坡发生的临界降雨量和降雨强度阀值,为实时时间预警提供了定量依据;将滑坡灾害的空间易发性与降雨量和降雨强度相结合确定了滑坡灾害的空间预警区划指标和等级;最后初步研究了滑坡发生的滞后时间。     

集对分析及其在城市地面沉降研究中的应用

集对分析是处理本确定性问题的理论,认为在一系统中不确定性与确定性互相联系、影响、制约,并在一定条件下互相转化,用联系度及其数学表达式统一描述系统的各种不确定性,由此实现系统调控的辅助决策。本文应用集对分析理论与方法剖析了上海地面沉降问题,探讨了社会需求、资源状况、地质环境三者间的制约关系,并以此提出城市地面沉降系统调控的对策与途径。     

Estimating the settling velocity of bioclastic sediment using common grain‐size analysis techniques

Most techniques for estimating settling velocities of natural particles have been developed for siliciclastic sediments. Therefore, to understand how these techniques apply to bioclastic environments, measured settling velocities of bioclastic sedimentary deposits sampled from a nearshore fringing reef in Western Australia were compared with settling velocities calculated using results from several common grain‐size analysis techniques (sieve, laser diffraction and image analysis) and established models. The effects of sediment density and shape were also examined using a range of density values and three different models of settling velocity. Sediment density was found to have a significant effect on calculated settling velocity, causing a range in normalized root‐mean‐square error of up to 28%, depending upon settling velocity model and grain‐size method. Accounting for particle shape reduced errors in predicted settling velocity by 3% to 6% and removed any velocity‐dependent bias, which is particularly important for the fastest settling fractions. When shape was accounted for and measured density was used, normalized root‐mean‐square errors were 4%, 10% and 18% for laser diffraction, sieve and image analysis, respectively. The results of this study show that established models of settling velocity that account for particle shape can be used to estimate settling velocity of irregularly shaped, sand‐sized bioclastic sediments from sieve, laser diffraction, or image analysis‐derived measures of grain size with a limited amount of error. Collectively, these findings will allow for grain‐size data measured with different methods to be accurately converted to settling velocity for comparison. This will facilitate greater understanding of the hydraulic properties of bioclastic sediment which can help to increase our general knowledge of sediment dynamics in these environments.     

东天山喀尔里克山北坡淖毛湖盆地土壤粒度分布特征及成因

对东天山喀尔里克山北坡-淖毛湖盆地不同类型土壤的粒度进行分析.结果表明:研究区土壤主要由粉粒和砂粒组成,从喀尔里克山北坡、中部地区到淖毛湖盆地,土壤粒度平均值逐渐变大,颗粒分选性差,偏度多属极正偏或正偏,峰态集中在宽、中等和窄3个等级,表明其成土母质较粗、来源相对复杂.土壤的粒度参数Mz、σ、SK和KG值很好地表征了不同土地类型和植被类型及盖度对土壤粒度特征的影响.土壤粒度分维值呈现出随海拔降低逐渐减小的趋势,并且分维值与粘粒含量呈正相关关系.喀尔里克山北坡土壤中粘粒的含量高于中部地区和淖毛湖盆地的土壤,反映出不同地区土壤母质来源和沉积环境的差异.不同地带土壤概率累积曲线的空间变化及综合参数特征表现出地形和气候对颗粒运动形式有一定影响,并且不同地区土壤在成因上既有区别又有联系.     

一种基于核学习的储集层渗透率预测新方法

基于核学习的支持向量机,是一种采用结构风险最小化原则代替传统经验风险最小化原则的新型统计学习方法,具有完备的理论基础。这里提出了核学习技术在储集层非均质特性描述中渗透率参数预测的新用途。在复杂地层中,基于支持向量机的智能和自适应模式识别能力而建立了常规测井多参数信息输入的渗透率预测模型,然后对实际油田储集层渗透率进行了预测。与常规线性回归模型预测结果相对比,所提出的方法更易于使用,很少受不确定因素的影响,并具有较强的信息整合能力以及更高的预测准确性和可信度。     

基于物元分析方法的水源地水质分析

介绍了物元分析的基本原理及计算步骤,并在此基础上,对沈阳浑河附近郎家水源地地下水质进行水质等级的评价。在评价结果中可以看出,此种评价方法,引入了关联函数和权重系数等因素,使得评价结果与实际情况更加吻合。能够更好的反映出当地地下水的水质情况。