模拟天然气水合物的岩石物理特性模型实验

针对水合物沉积的悬浮、颗粒接触和胶结三种微观模式,制作一组微弱胶结非固结高孔隙度人造样品和颗粒填充渐变的三维物理模型. 通过物理模型实验研究天然气水合物物性参数的敏感性. 实验结果表明：在弱颗粒间胶结物和低有效应力的固结差的沉积物中,声波对孔隙流体性质较敏感. 随着温度的降低颗粒胶结,改变原有沉积物的岩石物理特性,速度、弹性模量和频率升高,声波衰减和Vp/VS减小,沉积层内的反射波消隐.     

钙质砂在三轴剪切中颗粒破碎评价及其能量公式

钙质砂是一种易破碎粒状材料。本文在分析颗粒破碎机理的基础上,提出了颗粒破碎与剪胀耦合作用的破碎功表示式,并用实验证明了相对破碎Br 与1,Wp,WB 之间的关系,从而建立了钙质砂颗粒破碎的评价指标及其能量公式。     

罗马尼亚Mircea Voda剖面黄土粒度特征及其成因指示

Mircea Voda剖面是欧洲典型的黄土剖面之一,本文对Mircea Voda黄土剖面序列S0-S3进行了系统的粒度分析,并与中国黄土高原典型的黄土剖面洛川剖面、西峰剖面等进行了对比研究。结果显示,黄土粒度组成以粒径为4μm-63μm粉砂为主,其平均含量为78. 22%,呈现出风成成因的基本特征,且不同深度样品的粒度组成具有较高的均一性,显示该区黄土具有相同的物质来源。粒度频率曲线呈现为以突出的第一众数20μm～35μm,分选较好的单峰正偏态分布特征,说明粉尘在沉积之前经过了充分的混合。粒级主要组分集中在粗粒端,但在细粒端1μm附近存在第2个分量,这种特征与中国黄土高原黄土的粒度特征十分相似。计算得沉积物环境判别参数Y值均小于-2. 741 1,通过与水成沉积物判别值Y的比较,进一步证实了Mircea Voda剖面黄土为风成成因特征。     

Asperity Height and Aperture of an Artificial Tensile Fracture of Metric Size

Summary  A tensile fracture of about 1 m in length was created by indenting wedges in a block of granite, and the heights of the two fracture surfaces were measured using a large, non-contact surface profile measurement system with a laser profilometer to determine the aperture distribution of the fracture. Based on the measured data, the frequency characteristics of the asperity heights, the initial aperture (the aperture when the surfaces are in contact at a single point), and the size effect on the statistical properties were analyzed. The results can be summarized as follows:

Estimation of rice grain yield from dual-polarization Radarsat-2 SAR data by integrating a rice canopy scattering model and a genetic algorithm

Fast and accurate estimation of rice yield plays a role in forecasting rice productivity for ensuring regional or national food security. Microwave synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data has been proved to have a great potential for rice monitoring and parameters retrieval. In this study, a rice canopy scattering model (RCSM) was revised and then was applied to simulate the backscatter of rice canopy. The combination of RCSM and genetic algorithm (GA) was proposed for retrieving two important rice parameters relating to grain yield, ear length and ear number density, from a C-band, dual-polarization (HH and HV) Radarsat-2 SAR data. The stability of retrieved results of GA inversion was also evaluated by changing various parameter configurations.Results show that RCSM can effectively simulate backscattering coefficients of rice canopy at HH and HV mode with an error of <1 dB. Reasonable selection of GA’s parameters is essential for stability and efficiency of rice parameter retrieval. Two rice parameters are retrieved by the proposed RCSM-GA technology with better accuracy. The rice ear length are estimated with error of <1.5 cm, and ear number density with error of <23 #/m². Rice grain yields are effectively estimated and mapped by the retrieved ear length and number density via a simple yield regression equation. This study further illustrates the capability of C-band Radarsat-2 SAR data on retrieval of rice ear parameters and the practicability of radar remote sensing technology for operational yield estimation.     

分形城市引力模型的一般形式和应用方法--关于城市体系空间作用的引力理论探讨

基于分形思想和城市规模-产出关系推导出城市引力模型的一般形式Iij=GijMaiiMajjR-bij,论证了参数a和b的分维性质,并将引力系数定义为Gij=G|Rij,|/(1+Sij),式中Rii为i、j两城市的相关系数,Sij为二者的相似系数,G为量纲转换系数.以长春城镇体系和郑、汴、洛点-轴系统为实例说明了模型的应用方法,并指出了城市引力数值的相对性特征.作者发现,城镇体系各要素的引力之和Fi=∑Iij,在一定时空条件下满足位序-规模法则F(k)=F1K-q(k=1,2,…,n);这也表明,借助引力计算可以揭示城市体系某些隐含的地理规律.     

Evaluation of grain shear stresses required to initiate movement of particles in natural rivers

Shear stresses were evaluated at different sites on two rivers. The first (the Rulles) is characterized by a pebbly bedload and a meandering bed with riffles and pools. The second (the Rouge Eau) has mainly a sandy rippled bed where meandering is well developed but also flat gravelly sectors without meandering system. Shear stresses calculated from friction velocities (τ*) using a redefined y₁ roughness height parameter were compared with total shear stresses calculated from the energy grade line and the hydraulic radius (τ), Divergence between these shear stresses seems to increase in the presence of bedforms and large-scale irregularities of the channel. The τ*/τ ratio is close to 0·5 in the gravelly sector of the Rouge Eau and reaches 0·65 in the riffles of the Rulles (generally located at the inflexion point of the meanders), while it is less than 0·3 in the pools of the same river (located in the loops) and only 0·2 in the sandy rippled sector of the Rouge Eau. Grain and bedform shear stresses were evaluated at these same sites by different methods. The grain shear stress (τ') represents on average 30 per cent of the total shear stress in the riffles of the Rulles and the gravelly sector of the Rouge Eau, but less than 15 per cent in the pools in the Rulles and the sandy sectors of the Rouge Eau. However, it emerges from experiments conducted with marked pebbles and in situ observations of erosion and transport of sandy and gravelly particles, that the grain shear stresses are underestimated and cannot explain the movements and modifications actually observed. Conversely, shear stresses calculated from friction velocities at the sites where erosion actually occurred (or failed to occur despite very high velocities) provide a better explanation of the observed movements.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠石英氧同位素与粒级关系的研究

沙漠与黄土的物源联系是黄土研究关注的问题之一。石英氧同位素可示踪物源,粒度被用以分析沉积环境,但在沙漠物源研究中将二者结合应用的报道尚不多。本文测定了塔克拉玛干沙漠沙丘沙和沙丘剖面中河湖相沉积物的粒度及不同粒级的石英氧同位素,结果显示:1沙丘沙以极细砂和细砂为主,粉砂和黏土含量很低;河湖相沉积物以粉砂和黏土为主,砂含量低于5%。2各粒级石英δ~(18)OSMOW值介于13.8‰~19.7‰,其中沙丘沙为13.8‰~19.7‰,河湖相沉积物为15.6‰~17.6‰;沙丘沙石英δ~(18)O值随粒级增大未呈现减小趋势,同一粒级石英的δ~(18)O值存在一定变异。3经比较,塔克拉玛干沙漠砂和粉砂粒级的石英δ~(18)O值均高于中国其他沙漠,且20μm的石英δ~(18)O值与黄土高原的马兰黄土、洛川黄土—古土壤序列20μm的石英δ~(18)O值并无显著性差异。     

Permeability measurements in mudrocks using gas-expansion methods on plug and crushed-rock samples

Permeability is an important parameter relative to the production of hydrocarbons in shale oil/gas plays; however, the measurement of permeability in these nano-to microdarcy rocks remains a challenge. Results from different methods or from different laboratories are not consistent, and reasons are not fully understood. In the present study, permeability is measured for both plug and crushed-rock samples with different plug diameter or crushed-sample particle size to systematically investigate the permeability measurement to better understand and apply the measured results. A modified gas-expansion (MGE) method, which can measure permeability for plug samples under confining pressures, was established and applied to several Eagle Ford and Barnett Shale (mudrock) samples. Permeability results from this method are in fair agreement with those from the pulse-decay method. The traditional Gas Research Institute (GRI) method was applied to crushed-rock Eagle Ford Shale samples. The results were comparable to reported permeability for an Eagle Ford Shale sample. Particle or plug size has significant influence on permeability measurement. In general, permeability increases with increasing particle or plug size. For crushed sample with GRI method, the reason of increasing permeability is related to the limitation of the GRI technique and the data analysis method. Estimate of the permeability based on Kozeny–Carman Equation was conducted, and the results were used to evaluate the GRI permeability measurement. Particle size of 2–4 mm (5–10 meshes) is considered as an appropriate size for GRI permeability measurement. For plug sample, larger permeability with larger plug diameter is most likely caused by the artificial fractures. Higher confining pressure can reduce the influence of the fractures, but cannot fully remove it. A range of permeability, defined by the GRI permeability with 2–4 mm particles as the lower boundary and permeability of 1-in plug under high confining pressure (>5000 psi) as the upper boundary, can be a more reliable measures to represent the shale matrix permeability. The range of the permeability also highlights the uncertainty in matrix permeability measurement for shale.     

Past and future carbon sequestration benefits of China’s grain for green program

Carbon sequestration through ecological restoration programs is an increasingly important option to reduce the rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. China’s Grain for Green Program (GGP) is likely the largest centrally organized land-use change program in human history and yet its carbon sequestration benefit has yet to be systematically assessed. Here we used seven empirical/statistical equations of forest biomass carbon sequestration and five soil carbon change models to estimate the total and decadal carbon sequestration potentials of the GGP during 1999–2050, including changes in four carbon pools: aboveground biomass, roots, forest floor and soil organic carbon. The results showed that the total carbon stock in the GGP-affected areas was 682 Tg C in 2010 and the accumulative carbon sink estimates induced by the GGP would be 1697, 2635, 3438 and 4115 Tg C for 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050, respectively. Overall, the carbon sequestration capacity of the GGP can offset about 3%–5% of China’s annual carbon emissions (calculated using 2010 emissions) and about 1% of the global carbon emissions. Afforestation by the GGP contributed about 25% of biomass carbon sinks in global carbon sequestration in 2000–2010. The results suggest that large-scale ecological restoration programs such as afforestation and reforestation could help to enhance global carbon sinks, which may shed new light on the carbon sequestration benefits of such programs in China and also in other regions.