Climate-induced change of environmentally defined floristic domains: A conservation based vulnerability framework

Global climate change is having marked influences on species distributions, phenology and ecosystem composition and raises questions as to the effectiveness of current conservation strategies. Conservation planning has only recently begun to adequately account for dynamic threats such as climate change. We propose a method to incorporate climate-dynamic environmental domains, identified using specific environmental correlates of floristic composition, into conservation strategies, using the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa as a case study. The environmental domains offer an approach to conservation that conserves diversity under current and future climates, recognising that the species constituting diversity may change through time. We mapped current locations of domains by identifying their positions in a multi-dimensional environmental space using a non-hierarchical iterative k-means clustering algorithm. Their future locations were explored using an ensemble of future climate scenarios. The HadCM2 and GFDL2.1 models represented the extreme ranges of the models. The magnitude of change in each environmental domain was calculated using Euclidean distances to determine areas of greatest and least stability for each future climate projection. Domains occurring in the savanna biome increase at the expense of domains occurring in the grassland biome, which has significant negative consequences for the species rich grasslands. The magnitude of change maps represents areas of changed climatic conditions or edaphic disjunctions. The HadCM2 model predicted the greatest overall magnitude of change across the province. Species with specific soil requirements may not be able to track changing climatic conditions. A vulnerability framework was developed that incorporated climatic stability and habitat intactness indices. The mean magnitude of change informed the potential speed of transition of domains between the vulnerability quadrants. The framework informs appropriate conservation actions to mitigate climate change impacts on biodiversity. The study explicitly links floristic pattern and climate variability and provides useful insights to facilitate conservation planning for climate change.     

基于梯度提升树的大气分层透过率快速计算方法

大气透过率的计算是红外辐射传输计算的核心,RTTOV（Radiative Transfer for TOVS）通过建立大气廓线中温度、水汽、臭氧和其他气体浓度等参数与卫星通道透过率的统计关系,可实现卫星通道透过率和大气顶辐射率的快速准确计算。但在一些复杂吸收波段,如水汽波段,RTTOV的计算误差较大。为提高RTTOV在水汽敏感波段的计算精度,利用机器学习中的梯度提升树（Gradient Boosting Tree,GBT）方法,选取从ECMWF（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts）的IFS-137（The Integrated Forecast System,137-level-profile）廓线集中挑选的1406条廓线和由此计算的透过率真值作为样本,选取风云三号气象卫星上搭载的红外分光计（InfraRed Atmospheric Sounder,IRAS）通道12（7.33 μm）进行个例研究,分别建立陆地和海洋晴空大气等压面至大气层顶透过率的快速计算模型（GBT模型）。通过和透过率、亮温真值的比较,验证了GBT模型。比较结果显示,GBT模型预测的透过率平均绝对误差（Mean Absolute Error,MAE）为:陆地0.0012,海洋0.0009;均方对数误差（Mean Squared Logarithmic Error,MSLE）为:陆地0.0215,海洋0.0095,均小于RTTOV直接计算的透过率的误差（陆地、海洋的MAE分别比RTTOV小0.0008和0.0010,MSLE分别比RTTOV小0.0135和0.0227）;由GBT模型计算的亮温MAE分别为:陆地0.0949 K,海洋0.0634 K,均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error,RMSE）分别为:陆地0.1352 K,海洋0.0831 K,也都小于RTTOV直接模拟的晴空亮温误差（陆地、海洋的MAE分别比RTTOV小0.1685 K和0.1466 K,RMSE分别比RTTOV小0.1794 K和0.1685 K）。本研究的结果表明,在IRAS红外水汽波段,GBT预测的透过率和亮温误差比RTTOV小。机器学习有提高水汽波段正演精度的潜力,或可为辐射传输的快速计算提供可行的替代方法。      

Predicting Bathymetry from the Earth's Gravity Gradient Anomalies

Historically, prediction of ocean floor depth, or bathymetry, has been based on the isostatic modeling and linearized relationships between gravity anomalies and bathymetry. The need for isostatic modeling limits the application of the resulting bathymetry predictions as constraints in geophysical models. An alternative technique making use of the Earth's vertical gravity gradient for predicting bathymetry is explored in this paper. This technique is based on the fact that the observed gravity gradient anomalies result primarily from local mass concentrations on the ocean floor, and that mass compensation by the oceanic crust has an insignificant effect on the gravity gradients, and can be neglected. The resulting bathymetry prediction therefore is independent of isostatic modeling assumptions, allowing it to be used as a constraint on models of lithospheric compensation and for other geodetic and geophysical applications.     

位场垂向梯度最佳自比值的边界检测技术

位场梯度换算在地质体边界检测中有着重要的应用.但传统的梯度算法易受干扰影响,计算稳定性差,且很难在复杂的叠加异常中识别出小型地质体的边界.鉴于此,本文给出了自比值的定义,提出了能够处理高阶导数的位场垂向梯度最佳自比值的边界检测方法,阐述了方法的数学含义和物理意义.模型试验表明,垂向梯度最佳自比值算法不仅计算稳定性强,而且能清晰地检测出传统梯度算法无法检测的模型体边界.在地质条件复杂的鸭绿江盆地的重力异常实例应用中,垂向三阶导数最佳自比值计算结果识别出的构造边界与实际地质体分布有着较好的对应关系,这不但与前人的工作成果互为佐证,而且自比值圈定的负异常分布区能较好地反映出浑江煤田的工作范围.     

从瞬变电磁扩散场到拟地震波场的全时域反变换算法

将瞬变电磁满足的扩散方程转变为波动方程,然后利用地震类成像方法实现瞬变电磁虚拟波场成像,是实现瞬变电磁三维反演的有效手段之一.为了实现由扩散场到虚拟波场的转换,文中采用预条件正则化共轭梯度法求解波场反变换问题.首先,对几种离散方式进行比较,采用条件数最小的离散方式进行离散;然后选择最优的正则化参数,并利用超松弛预条件技术对系数矩阵进行预条件处理;最后,利用共轭梯度法进行迭代求解.超松弛预条件有效降低了系数矩阵的条件数,正则化方法使得反变换得到的波场稳定、可靠,共轭梯度法能够保证计算快速收敛.将反变换结果与已知虚拟波场函数对比,证明算法稳定、可信.将文中算法结果与前人研究结果进行对比,说明方法效果.通过实测数据的波场变换处理给出了文中方法的实际应用效果.结合反变换算法,对不同参数模型进行分析,总结了虚拟波场在色散介质中的传播规律.     

A note on the top-down and bottom-up gradient functions over a forested site

The dimensionless bottom-up and top-down gradient functions in the convective boundary layer (CBL) are evaluated utilizing long-term well-calibrated carbon dioxide mixing ratio and flux measurements from multiple levels of a 447-m tall tower over a forested area in northern Wisconsin, USA. The estimated bottom-up and top-down functions are qualitatively consistent with those from large-eddy simulation (LES) results and theoretical expectations. Newly fitted gradient functions are proposed based on observations for this forested site. The integrated bottom-up function over the lowest 4% of the CBL depth estimated from the tower data is about five times larger than that from LES results for a ‘with-canopy’ case, and is smaller than that from LES results for a ‘no-canopy’ case by a factor of 0.7. We discuss the uncertainty in the evaluated gradient functions due to stability, wind direction, and uncertainty in the entrainment flux and show that while all of these have a significant impact on the gradient functions, none can explain the differences between the modelled and observed functions. The effects of canopy features and atmospheric stability may need to be considered in the gradient function relations.     

地球化学急变带及对中国南方油气勘探的思考

地球化学急变带反映了克拉通边缘的地球化学特征，它可比地质观察更有效地揭示克拉通边界的位置。地球化学急变带分为构造显性与构造隐性两种类型，克拉通边缘前陆盆地多出现于构造隐性急变带上，这对油气勘探有重要指示意义。渤海周边油气田、南襄盆地、江汉盆地油气田均位于急变带上，中国南方油气勘探前景较好的苏南块体，金衢盆地，黔南－桂中盆地，楚雄盆地等也与急变带有密切的关系。     

横向中梯电阻率法在充水破碎带调查中的应用

本文应用横向中梯电阻率法，查明了厦门美景花园工地地下破碎带的位置。与实际钻孔资料的对比表明，在工程地基勘察中，利用某些特殊的物探手段，能经济、有效地解决某些工程地质问题。     

自然电场法在研究层间氧化带型铀矿床中的应用

砂岩型铀矿床的产出常与层间氧化带密切相关。利用物探方法研究氧化带、氧化还原过渡带及还原带的特征，可为铀矿勘查提供重要依据。本文根据层间氧化带的形成特征，探讨了产生自然电场的基本原理，通过在已知和未知铀矿化地段的工作，总结了层间氧化带在地表的自然电场分布特征，利用自然电场剖面测量曲线的梯度变化拐点确定氧化带前锋线──氧化还原过渡带，取得了比较理想的效果。     

Inverse analysis techniques for parameter identification in simulation of excavation support systems

Two numerical procedures are described that quantitatively identify a set of constitutive parameters that best represents observed ground movement data associated with deep excavations in urban environments. This inverse problem is solved by minimizing an objective (or error) function of the weighted least-squares type that contains the difference between observed and calculated ground displacements. The problem is solved with two different minimization algorithms, one based on a gradient method and the other on a genetic algorithm. The objective function is shown to be smooth with a unique solution. Both methods are applied to lateral movements from synthetic and real excavations to illustrate various aspects of the implementation of the methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each method applied to excavation problems are discussed.