Fragments of oceanic islands in accretion–collision areas of Gorny Altai and Salair, southern Siberia, Russia: early stages of continental crustal growth of the Siberian continent in Vendian–Early Cambrian time

The Altai-Salair area in southern Siberia is a Caledonian folded area containing fragments of Vendian–Early Cambrian island arcs. In the Vendian–Early Cambrian, an extended system of island arcs existed near the Paleo-Asian Ocean/Siberian continent boundary and was located in an open ocean realm. In the present-day structural pattern of southern Siberia, the fragments of Vendian–Early Cambrian ophiolites, island arcs and paleo-oceanic islands occur in the accretion–collision zones. We recognized that the accretion–collision zones were mainly composed of the rock units, which were formed within an island-arc system or were incorporated in it during the subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean under the island arc or the Siberian continent. This system consists of accretionary wedge, fore-arc basin, primitive island arc and normal island arc. The accretionary wedges contain the oceanic island fragments which consist of OIB basalts and siliceous—carbonate cover including top and slope facies sediments. Oceanic islands submerged into the subduction zone and, later were incorporated into an accretionary wedge. Collision of oceanic islands and island arcs in subduction zones resulted in reverse currents in the accretionary wedge and exhumation of high-pressure rocks. Our studies of the Gorny Altai and Salair accretionary wedges showed that the remnants of oceanic crust are mainly oceanic islands and ophiolites. Therefore, it is important to recognize paleo-islands in folded areas. The study of paleo- islands is important for understanding the evolution of accretionary wedges and exhumation of subducted high-pressure rocks.     

新疆阿巴宫——蒙库地区线性构造与铁矿产分布关系初探

新疆阿勒泰地区（阿巴宫——蒙库）铁成矿带，在空间上位于阿尔泰陆缘火山岛弧带，铁矿床（点）受NW向断裂构造控制。文章利用遥感图像解译成果来讨论线性构造与铁矿的关系，结合野外地质工作认识，探讨铁矿成因类型和找矿前景。     

Paleoshoreline geomorphology of Böön Tsagaan Nuur, Tsagaan Nuur and Orog Nuur: the Valley of Lakes, Mongolia

We conducted a preliminary study of paleoshoreline features associated with Böön Tsagaan Nuur, Tsagaan Nuur, and Orog Nuur, lakes located in the Gobi–Altai transition zone of the Valley of Lakes (Dolina Ozor) which stretches from central to western Mongolia. The paleoshoreline features were first identified on RADARSAT satellite SAR imagery. We investigated the features during the 1998 field season of the Joint Mongolian–Russian–American Archaeological Expedition to the Gobi–Altai region. We identified paleoshorelines of multiple elevations in the field, which are considered to be relict beach ridges and wave-cut terraces. Other paleolake landforms include spits and Gilbert-type deltas. These landforms are complex, large and well established, implying that the paleolakes were stable for extended periods. The reconstructed paleolakes cover extensive areas of the valley floor, implying that hydrological and climatic conditions were very different in the past. Paleolake expansions may have occurred under a variety of circumstances. One hypothesis is that the high lake stands occurred during the wetter period corresponding to the Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), during the warmest early Holocene and the late Holocene, or during all these periods. If low evaporation rates due to lower temperatures, glacier meltwater and possibly increased precipitation are important factors, then the expansions may have occurred during the terminal Late Glacial period after the Last Glacial Maximum. The greatly expanded lakes in the Gobi–Altai could have significantly affected the Quaternary human demography and migration in the region.     

2003年阿尔泰强烈地震综述

对2003年9月27日发生在俄罗斯阿尔泰南部山区的强烈地震在宏观烈度、地质和地震学方面的特征进行了综述。该次地震对震中地区的建筑物造成了损害,在地表形成了NWW走向的断裂带,此断裂带在楚亚北部地区向东延伸20 km。次生地震变形表现为极震区内出现滚石、滑坡、喷水冒沙现象。震源构造的初步研究结果表明戈尔诺-阿尔泰地区是和蒙古-戈壁阿尔泰地区相连接。戈壁阿尔泰地区曾发生过多次震级7.0以上的地震,阿尔泰山脉系统实际上是一个发生高震级的地震构造带。     

阿尔泰-蒙古微大陆的确定及其意义

中国阿尔泰具有古元古代-中元古代-新元古代基底，其间可能经历了四次主要地质事件，对阿尔泰前寒武系的研究是确定阿尔泰-蒙古微大陆存在的基础；哈巴河群时代为震旦纪-中奥陶世，延伸约1500km，对哈巴河群时代及其规模的讨论是确定阿尔泰-蒙古微大陆存在最重要的依据；东锡勒克组为两大陆碰撞后松弛阶段的产物，白哈巴花岗岩形成于后碰撞环境，对东锡勒克组和白哈巴花岗岩的研究是确定阿尔泰-蒙古微大陆存在的重要依据。通过上述三方面的研究明确了阿尔泰-蒙古微大陆的存在，并厘定了它的南北边界，在此基础上通过对哈巴河群的岩石地球化学研究表明阿尔泰-蒙古微大陆是-个主要由元古宇物质组成的不成熟的微大陆。     

新疆阿尔泰东部新生代玄武岩的地球化学特征与地质意义

新疆阿尔泰东部哈拉乔拉出露有新生代玄武岩,K-Ar 法测得玄武岩的年龄在10～20Ma,地球化学分析结果表明哈拉乔拉玄武岩具有高 TiO_2含量、高钾富碱的特点,属于典型的橄榄玄粗岩系列;强烈富集不相容元素和轻稀土元素,显示出源区富集的特点。(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i 为0.704432～0.704538,(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i 为0.512641～0.512779,ε_(Nd)(t)为0.29～1.03,其 Sr-Nd 同位素特征和地球化学特征都与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似。La/Nb(0.765～0.823)、Nb/U(35.02～52.01)等不相容元素的比值指示了源区中可能存在少量循环地壳物质。综合对比南天山托云等地区新生代玄武岩,中亚地区的地球化学性质相似的新生代火山岩分布零星,空间上与大型断裂相对应,不应是前人地幔柱成因的观点。本文结合中亚地区古生代地壳的演化特点,提出中亚地区的新生代类 OIB 型玄武岩来源于中亚地区已被改造的富集地幔。     

CHIME monazite ages of metasediments from the Altai orogen in northwestern China: Devonian and Permian ages of metamorphism and their significance

Abstract   The chemical Th-U-total Pb isochron method (CHIME) has been applied to determine the ages of monazite grains from metasediments of greenscshist-amphibolite facies in the Altai orogen, northwest China. The area of distribution of these metamorphic rocks is divided into the Permian (261–268 Ma) central-western and Devonian (377–382 Ma) eastern units on the basis of their metamorphic ages. The Devonian CHIME ages are consistent with the Pb–Pb ages of granitoid in the eastern unit, and support the idea that emplacement of the granitoids was synchronous with regional metamorphism at deep levels. The Permian metamorphic ages (the present study) and igneous ages previously reported from the central-western unit can be interpreted in terms of subduction of crustal material and oceanic plate, and rapid exhumation.     

基于Landsat遥感影像资料的新疆阿尔泰山圆叶桦的空间变化特征

利用1990、2000、2013年6-9月阿尔泰山地区Landsat遥感影像资料,综合运用遥感技术及相关分析方法,研究近24 a阿尔泰山圆叶桦的空间分布及其动态变化。结果表明:(1)阿尔泰山圆叶桦主要分布在86.5°E-89.5°E、47.6°N-49.2°N,近24 a来阿尔泰山圆叶桦的分布面积整体呈增长趋势且幅度较大,增长速率较快;(2)圆叶桦主要分布在海拔2000~2400 m之间,其分布高度随时间整体呈上升态势,上升速率为0.87 m·(10 a)^-1;(3)圆叶桦主要分布在阴坡,占比达58%,近24 a来随着海拔上升在阳坡的分布逐渐增加、阴坡相反。     

中国阿尔泰山流域侵蚀速率及其控制因素

流域侵蚀速率的时空变化对于理解活动造山带的地貌演化具有重要意义。以阿尔泰山8个山地流域为研究对象,利用1964—2011年的水文数据,采用河流输沙量法估算了年代际山地流域侵蚀速率。首先确定悬移质、推移质和溶解质对河流输沙量的贡献,然后计算各流域的年代际侵蚀速率,并结合已有研究结果,探讨了阿尔泰山流域侵蚀速率的时空特征及其控制因素。结果表明：阿尔泰山8个山地流域的平均侵蚀速率为0.03 mm·a^-1,其中乌伦古河山地流域侵蚀速率最小（0.01 mm·a^-1）,额尔齐斯河支流克兰河山地流域侵蚀速率最大（0.05 mm·a^-1）。进一步对侵蚀速率与气候、地形、岩性、构造和植被等因素进行相关分析,发现流域侵蚀速率与地形因子（流域面积、地形起伏度）和气候因子（径流深度、平均温度）的相关性较强,表明这些因素可能对阿尔泰山山地流域侵蚀起主要影响。与阿尔泰山百万年尺度的剥蚀速率（0.07~0.3 mm·a^-1）相比,研究时段内的流域侵蚀速率偏低,这表明中亚地区晚新生代持续的干旱气候可能制约了阿尔泰山地表侵蚀。     

蒙古阿尔泰东缘新发现的地震地表破裂带

阿尔泰构造带的活动断裂主要为NW—NNW向。按构造位置可分为阿尔泰西缘活动断裂带、阿尔泰中央活动断裂带和阿尔泰东缘活动断裂带。阿尔泰东缘活动构造带由科布多(Hovd)活动断裂带、哈尔乌苏湖(Har Us)活动断裂带2条大型右旋走滑活动断裂和中间的挤压盆地带构成。在2条走滑断裂带上,前人发现多处地震地表破裂带。通过对阿尔泰东缘构造带中南段地区的野外调查,在哈尔乌苏湖断裂带中段的Jargalant断裂、科布多断裂带南段的Tugen gol断裂上新发现地震地表破裂带。其中,沿Jargalant断裂地震地表破裂带长约50km,右旋位错量约4~5m,是一次规模大、活动较新的破裂事件。可见,在阿尔泰东缘活动断裂带的不同断裂段上均有保存较好的地震地表破裂,显示阿尔泰东缘是活动强烈的地震构造带