大别山南山岭石榴橄榄岩成因的岩石学研究

大别山罗田穹隆东南侧的南山岭石榴橄榄岩岩体面积小(173×133m2),由贵橄榄石(75%).透辉石(10%)和镁铝石榴石(15%)组成.本文通过岩石学及地球化学研究,并与大别山的碧溪岭、毛屋、饶拔寨、芝麻坊岩体以及其他地区的基性岩浆杂岩体(如红格岩体、元宝山岩体、柴北缘岩体)、残留地幔块体(五大连池、鹤壁、山旺)等不同成因的超镁铁岩进行对比后认为,该岩体属于火成成因,是镬铁-超锾铁杂岩体的一部分.表现在橄榄岩呈块状构造,矿物分布均匀未见定向排列.镜下呈现典型的火成结构;FeOT.含量高(21.36%),Mg#(0.77)低,Mg Ni/Fe Mn(3.06)＜7,V(175.5×10-6)含量高于地幔块体成因的橄榄岩;REE总量偏低,LREE弱富集,(La/Yb)N=3.1,低于饶拔寨、芝麻坊等残留地幔块体成因的橄榄岩.南山岭橄榄岩在微量元素蛛网图中,具有Ba、U、Pb、Zr、Eu的正异常和Nb的负异常,石榴橄榄岩全岩以及透辉石单矿物都具有高87Sr/86Sr(0.7088,0.7086)和低εNd(t)(-6.55～-6.01)的特征,尽管南山岭与碧溪岭岩体距离很近而且都属于火成成因,但岩石的结构构造、变质变形的印记、REE配分形式和同位素特征都有区别,表明二者的源区及演化经历不同,相比之下.南山岭岩浆源区地壳组分的作用更为明显.在εNd(t)-(87Sr/86Sr),图解中南山岭橄榄岩的投点十分靠近大别山北麓120～130Ma侵位的祝家铺辉石岩-辉长岩岩体群的投点分布范围,暗示可能有与罗田穹窿西北侧祝家铺岩体群的岩浆活动相对应.     

Chloride source delineation in an urban-agricultural watershed: Deicing agents versus agricultural contributions

Analyses (n = 525) of chloride (Cl⁻), bromide (Br⁻), nitrate as nitrogen (NO₃-N), sodium (Na⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺) and potassium (K⁺) in stream water, tile-drain water and groundwater were conducted in an urban-agricultural watershed (10% urban/impervious, 87% agriculture) to explore potential differences in the signature of Cl⁻ originating from an urban source as compared with an agricultural source. Only during winter recharge events did measured Cl⁻ concentrations exceed the 230 mg/L chronic threshold. At base flow, nearly all surface water and tile water samples had Cl⁻ concentrations above the calculated background threshold of 18 mg/L. Mann–Whitney U tests revealed ratios of Cl⁻ to Br⁻ (p = .045), to NO₃-N (p < .0001), to Ca²⁺ (p < .0001), and to Na⁺ (p < .0001) to be significantly different between urban and agricultural waters. While Cl⁻ ratios indicate that road salt was the dominant source of Cl⁻ in the watershed, potassium chloride fertilizer contributed as an important secondary source. Deicing in watersheds where urban land use is minimal had a profound impact on Cl⁻ dynamics; however, agricultural practices contributed Cl⁻ year-round, elevating stream base flow Cl⁻ concentrations above the background level.     

南海海岛自动气象站防护应用技术探索

立足海南及南海的自然条件,结合海岛自动气象站在南海高温、高湿、高盐雾、强辐射、强风等恶劣气候环境下使用情况,通过对历年来海岛自动气象站故障及失效模式的统计和分析,总结分析故障原因。根据设备维护人员多年气象设备保障工作积累总结的经验,从海岛自动气象站结构和防护要求出发,集成应用市场上优质材料、先进工艺和多种成熟、关键设备防护技术,形成一些气象设备防护的有效方法措施,以提高海岛自动气象站对海洋环境的适应性和性能,延长设备使用寿命。     

特殊建筑物雷击截收面积计算

从计算雷击截收面积的逻辑关系出发,以斜坡类建筑和圆顶形建筑两类特殊建筑为例,通过建立相关模型和数学公式,分析计算应从何位置按照何扩大宽度往外偏移能准确地求出截收面积。对于单檐斜坡类建筑、重檐建筑或古塔,根据房檐到屋脊（塔尖）的水平距离和垂直距离的关系,判断出应该按房檐还是屋脊（塔尖）偏移。对于圆顶形或椭圆顶形建筑,利用建筑屋顶的数学公式,建立了到圆心中轴线距离的数学公式,并对其求导数,得到了导数为0时点的横、纵坐标,此点即为偏移点位置,同时得到了对应的扩大宽度。利用AutoCAD偏移及求面积命令得到截收面积,为防雷设计及雷电灾害风险评估中雷击截收面积的准确计算提供参考。     

Interannual Salinity Variability in the Tropical Pacific in CMIP5 Simulations

Salinity variability and its causes in the tropical Pacific are analyzed using observations, reanalysis products and model simulations. The mixed-layer salinity(MLS) budget analyses from observations and reanalysis products indicate that its interannual evolution is closely related to ENSO and is predominantly governed by surface forcing and surface advection in the western-central equatorial Pacific. It is found that the observed MLS tendency leads Nin?o3.4 by about 12 months due to the effect of negative freshwater flux(evaporation minus precipitation). These observation-based analyses are used to evaluate the corresponding simulation using GFDL-ESM2 M. It is evident that the model can simulate the spatiotemporal variations of MLS with some discrepancies compared to observations. In the warm pool of the equatorial Pacific the MLS tendency in the model is sensitive to ocean dynamics, however model biases cause the tendency to be underestimated. In particular, the freshwater flux is overestimated while the ocean surface zonal current and vertical velocity at the base of the mixed layer are underestimated. Due to model biases in representing the related physics, the effects of surface forcing on the simulated MLS budget are overestimated and those of subsurface and surface advection are relatively weak. Due to weaker surface advection and subsurface forcing than observed, the simulated compensations for surface forcing are suppressed, and the simulated MLS tendency that leads Nin?o3.4 by 8–10 months, which is shorter than the observed lead time. These results are useful for the interpretation of observational analyses and other model simulations in the tropical Pacific.     

气候变化对徐闻盐场海盐生产的影响

根据徐闻盐场气象站近41年观测资料,对盐场的气候特征、主要气象要素的变化趋势及其对海盐产量的影响进行了分析。结果得出年平均气温呈显著上升趋势(0.14×℃/10年),年蒸发量和年平均风速呈显著下降趋势,倾向率分别为-129.1 mm/10年与-0.46(m.s-1/10年)。年降水量以波动变化为主,年日照时间无显著趋势性变化。蒸发量变化是影响原盐产量的最主要因素。海盐生产旺季(4~8月)的盐产量与蒸发量、日照时间存在显著正相关,与降水量呈现负相关。若未来气候继续变暖,热带气旋影响不增多,对海盐生产可能有利。     

干旱区盐风化过程的初步研究

盐风化是干旱区一种重要的岩石风化过程。本文初步研究了盐风化作用的性质、机制和强度及其在地貌塑造和生产实践上的意义。盐风化包括盐结晶风化作用和盐水化风化作用两种类型。盐风化的强度在很大程度上取决于盐类矿物性质和气候条件。高温和干旱相结合的气候最有利于盐风化过程。通过对未风化岩石和风化岩石的对比,证明盐风化发展的速率很高。Tafoni是盐风化发展阶段的一种重要标志。     

极端干旱区多枝柽柳茎水势变化影响因子分析

以新疆塔里木河下游极端干旱环境下天然植物多枝柽柳为研究对象,基于对气象因子、土壤水盐和多枝柽柳茎水势特性的实地监测资料,研究了影响多枝柽柳茎水势变化的主导环境因子,揭示了反映多枝柽柳生长发育期茎干水分变化的环境因子的指示性和指示阈值。结果表明:①在众多环境因子中,土壤水分对多枝柽柳茎水势变化影响最强烈,多枝柽柳对土壤水分的吸收不存在最低土壤含水率阈值,但36%的土壤含水率为影响多枝柽柳茎水势变化的临界上限,超过36%则对其没有明显影响。②土壤pH值的变化可反映极端干旱区多枝柽柳茎水势特性的变化;7.95±0.03的土壤pH值为反映多枝柽柳茎水势发生变化的临界阈值,当土壤pH值大于7.95±0.03时利于多枝柽柳有效分泌盐碱,维持正常生长。该研究为减轻多枝柽柳受旱程度、维持多枝柽柳正常生长及时补充水分提供理论依据。     

苏北淮安盐盆杨槐区块浦二段盐韵律特征及其古气候意义

盐湖沉积因具有成盐多期性和连续完整性的特点,是恢复成盐期古环境的重要研究对象,形成的不同级次盐韵律记录了不同尺度周期下古气候的干湿变化。上白垩统浦口组是淮安盐盆的主要含盐层系,对含盐层段盐韵律的研究有助于恢复该地区成盐期的古气候特征。在对资料井A1井取心段岩心精细观察和岩样矿物成分分析的基础上,分析资料井岩性的垂向变化,对浦口组盐韵律特征进行识别并划分。根据盐韵律对古气候的指示作用研究成盐期区块短尺度气候周期下的古气候变化。将淮安盐盆杨槐区块浦口组划分出Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ级韵律,识别出完整的盐韵律组合,即泥岩—钙芒硝质盐岩—盐岩—钙芒硝质盐岩。含盐段中广泛发育暖温相矿物钙芒硝,指示气候特征为炎热的暖旱型。在Ⅳ级韵律尺度下建立了气候干湿性变化曲线,表明区块气候干湿性波动频繁,但仍以干旱为主,韵律厚度大致反映了气候波动频率大小。