一种潜在的地质压力计：流体包裹体子矿物的激光拉曼光谱测压法

高温高压下矿物的拉曼原位测量表明，某些拉曼活性的物质其拉曼位移与压力之间具有良好的线性关系。这一特性使我们能够通过测量矿物包裹体中含有这些子矿物的拉曼位移以确定矿物的形成压力。与目前常采用的共存矿物对压力计以及流体包裹体的CO2等容线法等压力测定方法相比，该方法具有快速、方便和准确的特点。由于包裹体中可以存在各种不同的子矿物以及不同的溶液物质，因此系统研究包裹体中一切可能存在的矿物或物质的拉曼位移与温度和压力之间的关系将可以提供一种方便、准确的地质压力测量手段。     

我国重要矿产资源战略性评价

重要矿产资源尤其是战略性矿产的安全保障历来是世界各国关注的重点之一。关于战略性矿产的研究,欧美等发达国家和地区已经建立了一套比较成熟的理论和方法,并不定期更新战略性矿产目录。而我国对于战略性矿产的研究相对较晚,尚未形成统一的内涵意义、评价体系和方法。为此,本文在重新界定战略性矿产内涵基础上构建供应风险-经济价值二维评价体系,运用定性和定量相结合的评价方法综合评价我国主要矿产资源的战略性。     

印度区域地质矿产概况

印度共和国是印度板块的主体,也是冈瓦纳大陆的重要组成部分,主要由七个古老克拉通（陆块群）、分隔克拉通的活动带与盆地等构成。自北向南依次为：①喜马拉雅活动带,主要为具有元古代基底的古近纪-新进纪活动带;②印度河-恒河平原过渡带（山前坳陷带）,主要由为第四系、古近系-新进系和第四系冲积物构成;③印度半岛克拉通,主要由西塔尔瓦尔、东塔尔瓦尔、巴斯塔、辛本,本德尔坎德、阿拉瓦利和印度南部麻粒岩地体等7个太古宙陆块（或次级克拉通）群构成;④萨德布尔活动带;⑤东高止山活动带;⑥德干高原玄武岩省（LIP）（图1）。     

Evidence of technetium and iodine release from a sodalite-bearing ceramic waste form

Sodalites have been proposed as a possible host of certain radioactive species, specifically ⁹⁹Tc and ¹²⁹I, which may be encapsulated into the cage structure of the mineral. To demonstrate the ability of this framework silicate mineral to encapsulate and immobilize ⁹⁹Tc and ¹²⁹I, single-pass flow-through (SPFT) tests were conducted on a sodalite-bearing multi-phase ceramic waste form produced through a steam reforming process. Two samples made using a steam reformer samples were produced using non-radioactive I and Re (as a surrogate for Tc), while a third sample was produced using actual radioactive tank waste containing Tc and added Re. One of the non-radioactive samples was produced with an engineering-scale steam reformer while the other non-radioactive sample and the radioactive sample were produced using a bench-scale steam reformer. For all three steam reformer products, the similar steady-state dilute-solution release rates for Re, I, and Tc at pH (25 °C) = 9 and 40 °C were measured. However, it was found that the Re, I, and Tc releases were equal or up to 4.5x higher compared to the release rates of the network-forming elements, Na, Al, and Si. The similar releases of Re and Tc in the SPFT test, and the similar time-dependent shapes of the release curves for samples containing I, suggest that Re, Tc, and I partition to the sodalite minerals during the steam reforming process.     

A novel method to estimate mineral compositions of mudrocks: A case study for the Canadian unconventional petroleum systems

The mineral composition of mudrocks is an essential attribute in controlling the reservoir quality of unconventional petroleum systems. The present study introduces a semi-quantitative method to estimate mineral phases of mudrocks in various Canadian unconventional hydrocarbon systems using total elemental analysis (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)) and Rock-Eval data (total organic carbon (TOC) and mineral carbon (MinC)).This method involves statistical analysis based on a sound knowledge of hydrocarbon source rock inorganic geochemistry. The workflow can be divided into four steps: (i) converting major elements (Si, Al, Fe, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Ti, and P) to their oxides, (ii) inferring modes of occurrence of elements using statistical analysis of geochemical data (major elements, TOC, and MinC), (iii) identifying the mineral types (oxide, aluminosilicates, carbonates, sulfide, and phosphate) according to elemental occurrences and calculating mineral phase concentrations, and (iv) verifying the results by comparing to XRD data on selected samples. The results, especially for brittle minerals such as quartz, carbonates (e.g. calcite, dolomite, and ankerite), and pyrite, show that the estimated mineral compositions correspond closely and consistently with measured mineralogy obtained from XRD. This method takes advantage of bulk geochemical data already available for hydrocarbon potential and chemostratigraphic studies, without devoting additional samples and cost for XRD analysis.     

Geochemistry of organic matter and elements of black shale during weathering in Northern Guizhou,Southwestern China: Their mobilization and inter-connection

Different from previous studies on effect of weathering upon geochemical variation along a single weathered profile, this paper provides a new methodology validated by comparing a weathered outcrop samples and their stratigraphic counterpart un-weathered core samples in a nearby shallow borehole. This outcrop and borehole penetrated the Ordovician-Silurian Wufeng–Longmaxi shales, located in the same anticline structure in the northern part of Guizhou Province, Southern China. The mineral composition, major, trace and rare earth elements (REEs) composition and Rock-Eval parameters of outcrop and core samples were analyzed and compared. Organic matter (OM) was observed in the microscope and extracted for elements analysis. The results show that short-term weathering still has significant influence on OM, mineral and elemental composition of black shales. The elements composition shows the outcrop profile was moderately weathered. The REEs compositions do not alter much during weathering process and the REEs composition and their relative ratios still are valid for rock origin determination. The OM, mainly composed by graptolite and bitumen, even entering the highly-over thermal maturity, is still sensitive to the weathering with a systematic loss 30–50% of TOC along the outcrop profile, which suggests that the OM consumption is predominantly controlled by weathering duration and the distance from the weathering surface. In turn, OM has significant influence on the trace elements transportation behavior during weathering. Some trace elements associated with the OM such as V, Cr, Th, U, Ni and Co, change significantly in their absolute concentration during weathering, but their relative ratios do not necessarily change too much and might be still reliable proxies for paleo-environmental determination. The mobility of shale minerals during weathering is in the following order: plagioclase?>?potassium feldspar and dolomite >pyrite and OM. Short-term weathering can also result in considerable transportation of elements and significant variation of minerals content in black shale, which may pose potentially high environmental and engineering risk in the regions rich in black shale.     

大数据环境下内蒙古浩布高地区铅锌多金属矿智能矿产预测研究

传统机器学习算法已广泛应用于矿产预测,但面对地质大数据的高维稀疏、不平衡小样本等特性仍缺乏有效处理和分析的方法,设计适合地质大数据特点的机器学习算法是智能矿产预测亟需解决的新问题。本文以内蒙古浩布高地区的铅锌多金属矿产预测为例,提出了一种面向地质大数据的半监督协同训练矿产预测模型。首先对研究区地质找矿信息和地球化学异常信息进行定量分析,提取断裂构造、二叠系地层、燕山期侵入岩、地层与岩体接触带、围岩蚀变及Pb、Zn、Sn、Cu地球化学异常共9种找矿因子。然后利用递归特征消除法优选找矿因子组合,不包括Sn异常在内的8个找矿因子组合被选为最优组合。最后,利用支持向量机和随机森林算法作为基分类器进行半监督协同训练矿产预测,绘制成矿概率分布图。ROC曲线和预测度曲线分析结果表明,半监督协同训练模型的AUC值和预测效率都高于随机森林和支持向量机模型。研究结果也为大数据环境下的智能矿产预测提供了一种新的思路。     

压力对辉长岩矿物反应和部分熔融影响的实验研究

本文在高温高压条件下,开展了辉长岩矿物反应与部分熔融实验,利用偏光显微镜与扫描电镜对实验样品微观结构观察,研究实验中的新生矿物与熔体的分布;通过电子探针分析熔体成分特征。实验结果表明,在低压(300MPa)条件下,静压和塑性变形实验样品中,单斜辉石以固体反应方式生成橄榄石,在高压(1300MPa)塑性实验中所有实验样品都没有发现新生矿物颗粒,这与相图中低压条件下斜长石与橄榄石稳定共存,而高压下斜长石-辉石稳定共存相吻合。高压塑性变形条件下,单斜辉石和黑云母首先发生部分熔融,随着温度增高,斜长石逐渐参与熔融,熔体呈薄膜状分布在矿物颗粒边界,熔体成分依赖于参与熔融的矿物成分,表明出现的熔体为非平衡熔融结果。     

塔里木板块东北缘坡北杂岩体矿物成分和铂族元素特征:对硫化物熔离和构造环境的约束

坡北杂岩体位于塔里木板块东北缘北山裂谷带,主要由橄榄岩相、单辉辉石岩相、二辉岩相、辉长岩相、苏长岩相和辉长苏长岩相组成。坡一岩体中硫化物矿体赋存于超镁铁质岩中,而坡东岩体中硫化物矿体赋存于辉长苏长岩相中。坡一和坡东岩体不同岩相中单斜辉石的MgO和CaO含量、斜长石的An值和SiO_2含量连续变化且呈负相关,说明二者可能是同一原始岩浆分离结晶的产物。根据前人计算的原始岩浆成分,我们利用MELTS软件模拟了坡北杂岩体的分离结晶过程。结果表明矿物结晶顺序为:橄榄石→橄榄石+单斜辉石→橄榄石+单斜辉石+斜长石→单斜辉石+斜长石+斜方辉石,与岩相观察一致。坡北杂岩体原始岩浆经过20%分离结晶达到S饱和而发生早期硫化物熔离,形成坡一岩体中矿体。因此,在利用具有最高Fo值(90.9mol%)的橄榄石成分进行的模拟中,坡一岩体早期结晶的纯橄榄岩中橄榄石成分与分离结晶趋势线一致,而斜长橄榄岩中橄榄石成分低于趋势线,可能形成于早期硫化物熔离之后。随后岩浆中S再一次不饱和,但坡一岩体橄榄单辉辉石岩和辉长岩中橄榄石Fo和Ni含量在分离结晶趋势线之下,同时坡东岩体不含矿岩石中铂族元素总量主要在8.9×10~(-9)～29.0×10~(-9)之间,且相对于Ni和Cu明显亏损,说明在岩浆分离结晶晚期再次发生硫化物熔离,而且可能是地壳混染引起的,并形成了坡东岩体中的硫化物矿体。坡东岩体橄榄二辉岩和橄榄辉长苏长岩中橄榄石Fo值(74.5mol%～81.0mol%)较低,但变化范围较大,且Fo和Ni呈负相关关系,这可能是由于橄榄石和硫化物熔体在不平衡状态下发生成分交换造成的。坡北杂岩体超镁铁质岩石中单斜辉石Ti O2含量为0.21%～0.83%,阳离子中呈四次配位的Al(AlZ)为0.8mol%～7.8mol%,与裂谷环境堆晶岩中单斜辉石成分相似。因此,坡北杂岩体可能形成于和塔里木二叠纪地幔柱活动相关的裂谷环境。然而,超镁铁质岩石全岩Nd同位素指示其来源于亏损地幔,并不是地幔柱物质熔融的直接产物。纯橄榄岩和异剥橄榄岩La/Sm,Sm/Yb和La/Yb比值指示其源区为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩地幔。因此,坡北杂岩体源区应为浅部以尖晶石二辉橄榄岩为主的亏损岩石圈地幔,地幔柱在源区部分熔融过程中提供了大量的热。