栖霞西沟地区找金前景浅析

栖霞市西沟地区金矿脉受NNE向断裂构造控制,矿化围岩主要是印支期文登超单元阜山单元中粗粒二长花岗岩,是典型的蚀变岩型金矿。该区处于NE向陡崖台前断裂成矿带西侧,NNE,NE向次一级断裂构造发育,矿化蚀变强烈,是有利的成矿地带,具有良好的找矿前景,是寻找大、中型金矿床的重要靶区。     

未来的地面和空间大望远镜以及我国目前的大项目

目前 ,已有 1 0架口径 8～ 1 0m的地面大望远镜建成并投入科学观测。在近红外波段 ,自适应光学和干涉术已在大望远镜上获得成功。Hubble空间望远镜发射至今已逾 1 2年。为了研究早期宇宙 ,探测类地行星等 ,2 0 0 2年 9月NASA已与TWR公司签约 ,研制口径≥ 6m的下一代空间望远镜JWST ,计划2 0 1 0年发射。许多口径 30～ 1 0 0m的地面未来巨型望远镜FGT项目已经提出。本报告 ,也介绍了我国正在研制或预研中的三个大项目 :LAMOST、FAST和SST ,这些项目虽较小 ,但完成后都会对天文学的一个方面作出有份量的贡献。最后 ,报告人建议我国参与到与国外合作研制FGT或NGST的工作中 ,特别强调要有天文学家和工程专家参与进去     

初论我国浊积岩金矿床

以浊积岩为容矿围岩的金矿床是世界上一种重要类型的金矿床。本文较系统地阐述了我国浊积岩金矿床的分布、地质地球化学特征及成矿作用。作者认为,浊积岩金矿床在我国分布广泛,其成矿时期横跨晚太古代至中、新生代,并具有一些独特的成矿特点,因此,有很大的找矿潜力。     

清原南口前一带金矿床稳定同位素研究

南口前一带金矿床的稳定同位素研究表明,金矿成矿与太古宙花岗岩—绿岩带,南口前花岗岩体关系密切。依据金矿床硫、碳同位素组成判定金矿床属热液成因,热液体系处于 H_(?)S 占优势的化学环境。在成矿过程中成矿介质由弱酸性向酸性,再向碱性方向演化;氧逸度随着成矿介质温度降低,金属硫化物的沉淀而逐渐升高。氢、氧同位素组成显示了岩浆热液有天水混入。铅同位素组成表明金矿中的铅属古老正常铅,与花岗岩中长石铅为同源。据此,作者认为南口前一带金矿属再平衡岩浆热液矿床。     

汶上县兴化寺金矿地质特征

对兴化寺金矿床地质特征、矿物组合、金的赋存状态、金的矿源层进行了研究 ,探讨了变质作用、岩浆作用及构造作用对金的活化、迁移、富集的影响。其矿化与绿岩带、韧性剪切带及燕山期岩浆活动关系密切。属多期次热液充填蚀变成因。     

甘肃北山南带西段金成矿带控矿因素及成矿预测

概述了北山南带西段金矿的成矿环境和控制因素,讨论了矿床的成矿时代和空间分布规律.区内金成矿主要受地层岩性、岩体和构造控制.奥陶系、石炭系和二叠系富金的火山-沉积岩为金矿的矿源层,晚加里东—海西期花岗岩侵入体与金矿密切相关,深断裂和区域性大断裂控制了矿带部位.这些矿带由一系列不同成因和类型的金矿床组成,金矿床是在矿源层、矿源岩的基础上,经过海西期构造-岩浆活动的改造和富集而形成.依据找矿信息及化探异常、重砂异常的分布范围,归纳出16处具有较大金资源潜力的找矿远景区.     

不同类型热液金矿系统的流体包裹体特征

为使流体包裹体研究结果得到较好的解释,避免矿床地质描述与流体包裹体研究结果发生矛盾,本文试图以金矿床为例,建立科学而简便易行的矿床地质与包裹体特征之间的链接。为此,本文简单评述了现有金矿床成因分类方案,建议以主导成矿系统发育的地质作用特征划分5种类型:①浆控高温热液型,包括斑岩型、爆破角砾岩型、铁氧化物型、夕卡岩型等岩浆热液型矿床;②造山型,即变质热液型;③浅成低温热液型——陆相火山岩-次火山岩中的改造热液型;④微细粒浸染型(卡林型或/类卡林型)——沉积岩容矿的改造热液型;⑤热水沉积型(VMS 型和 SEDEX 型)——水下喷出地表的改造热液型。然后,分别介绍了5类成矿系统的标志性地质和流体包裹体特征,找出了它们之间具有成因标志意义的关键性差异;将成矿流体分为改造、变质和岩浆3个端元性成分,发现多数热液矿床具有多阶段多因复成的特点,晚阶段流体均为改造热液或有大量改造热液注入,因此指出,晚阶段的流体、蚀变和矿化特征不能用于判别矿床成因和类型,只有早阶段的特征才能准确指示矿床成因和类型。改造热液以低温、低盐度、低 CO_2含量为特征,主要来自大气降水和/或海水;变质热液以中温、低盐度、高 CO_2含量为特征,而岩浆热液则以高温、高盐度、高 CO_2含量为特征;岩浆热液矿床发育含多种子晶包裹体和高盐度富 CO_2的包襄体,变质热液矿床发育低盐度富 CO_2包裹体,改造热液矿床总体缺乏含子晶包裹体和富/含 CO_2包襄体,大量发育水溶液包裹体。最后,讨论了各类成矿系统发育的岩石圈构造背景,如造山型矿床形成于地壳挤压造山-变质-隆升过程,热水沉积型矿床形成于地壳拉张成盆过程,古生代或更早的浅成低温热液型矿床只能保存在增生型造山带等,提出矿床及其包裹体是研究大陆动力学的理想探针。     

招平断裂带上盘金矿床石英流体包裹体同位素组成特征及地质意义

招-平断裂是胶东招掖金矿带的主要控矿断裂,其上盘金矿床受 NE 向断裂构造控制,赋矿围岩为胶东群变质岩,金矿化以含金硫化物石英脉为主。通过首次对招远灵雀山金矿床富金石英脉石英流体包裹体 Rb-Sr 等时线年龄的测定,获得116±23Ma 成矿年龄。从而说明招-平断裂带上盘金矿大规模成矿期发生于早白垩世的构造体系转折期。对富金石英脉石英流体包裹体同位素特征研究表明。该地区成矿热液均以幔源为主,具有与招掖金矿带其它金矿类似的成矿热液系统。由此可以看出招-平断裂带上盘也具有良好的成矿条件。     

Geology and geochemistry of the adjacent Changkeng gold and Fuwang silver deposits, Guangdong Province, South China

The Changkeng Au and Fuwang Ag deposits represent an economically significant and distinct member of the Au–Ag deposit association in China. The two deposits are immediately adjacent, but the Au and Ag orebodies separated from each other. Ores in the Au deposit, located at the upper stratigraphic section and in the southern parts of the orefield, contain low Ag contents (< 11 ppm); the Ag orebodies, in the lower stratigraphic section, are Au-poor (< 0.2 ppm). Changkeng is hosted in brecciated cherts and jasperoidal quartz and is characterized by disseminated ore minerals. Fuwang, hosted in the Lower Carboniferous Zimenqiao group bioclastic limestone, has vein and veinlet mineralization associated with alteration comprised of quartz, carbonate, sericite, and sulfides. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions from quartz veinlets in the Changkeng and Fuwang deposits are in the range of 210 ± 80 °C and 230 ± 50 °C, respectively. Salinities of fluid inclusions from the two deposits range from 1.6 to 7.3 wt.% and 1.6 to 2.6 wt.% equiv. NaCl, respectively. The δD_H2O, δ¹⁸O_H2O, δ¹³C_CO2 and ³He/⁴He values of the fluid inclusions from the Changkeng deposit range from − 80‰ to − 30‰, − 7.8‰ to − 3.0‰, − 16.6‰ to − 17.0‰ and 0.0100 to 0.0054 Ra, respectively. The δD_H2O, δ¹⁸O_H2O, δ¹³C_CO2 and ³He/⁴He values of fluid inclusions from the Fuwang deposit range from − 59‰ to − 45‰, − 0.9‰ to 4.1‰, − 6.7‰ to − 0.6‰ and 0.5930 to 0.8357 Ra, respectively. The δD_H2O, δ¹⁸O_H2O, δ¹³C_CO2 and ³He/⁴He values of the fluid inclusions suggest the ore fluids of the Changkeng Au-ore come from the meteoric water and the ore fluids of the Fuwang Ag-ore are derived from mixing of magmatic water and meteoric water. The two deposits also show different Pb-isotopic signatures. The Changkeng deposit has Pb isotope ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 18.580 to 19.251, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 15.672 to 15.801, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 38.700 to 39.104) similar to those (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 18.578 to 19.433, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 15.640 to 15.775, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 38.925 to 39.920) of its host rocks and different from those (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 18.820 to 18.891, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 15.848 to 15.914, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 39.579 to 39.786) of the Fuwang deposit. The different signatures indicate different sources of ore-forming material. Rb–Sr isochron age (68 ± 6 Ma) and ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar age (64.3 ± 0.1 Ma) of the ore-related quartz veins from the Ag deposit indicate that the Fuwang deposit formed during the Cenozoic Himalayan tectonomagmatic event. Crosscutting relationships suggests that Au-ore predates Ag-ore. The adjacent Changkeng and Fuwang deposits could, however, represent a single evolved hydrothermal system. The ore fluids initially deposited Au in the brecciated siliceous rocks, and then mixing with the magmatic water resulted in Ag deposition within fracture zones in the limestone. The deposits are alternatively the product of the superposition of two different geological events. Age evidence for the Fuwang deposit, together with the Xiqiaoshan Tertiary volcanic-hosted Ag deposit in the same area, indicates that the Pacific Coastal Volcanic Belt in the South China Fold Belt has greater potential for Himalayan precious metal mineralization than previous realized.     

An epigenetic origin for the Passagem de Mariana gold deposit, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil

The gold–tourmaline quartz–vein deposit of Passagem de Mariana, in the southeastern part of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, produced more than 60 tonne of gold, from the end of the 17th Century until 1954. The mine has not operated since 1985. Orebodies are veins composed of white quartz (> 60 vol.%), carbonate (ankerite), tourmaline, sericite and sulfides. Tourmaline (dravite), up to 10 vol.% of the vein, occurs as subhedral, coarse, commonly zoned crystals, and is concentrated along vein boundaries and on the edges of host rock inclusions in the veins. Tourmaline is present in all rock types in the mine, but the chemical composition of the host rocks determinates the intensity of tourmalinization, with the alteration being greater in sericitic phyllites, graphite–sericite phyllites, and calcareous rocks. The most abundant sulfide is arsenopyrite, which is normally associated with pyrite and pyrrhotite. Minor amounts of chalcopyrite, galena, löllingite, berthierite, and maldonite are present throughout the deposit. Sulfides are concentrated at veins boundary or are dispersed in the veins. Arsenopyrite is associated, most commonly, with calcareous rocks, and graphite–sericite phyllite. Pyrrhotite is usually found at the base of itabirites. Gold abundance is directly proportional to sulfide concentration. Hydrothermal alteration associated with the veins includes silicification, tourmalinization, and sulfidation. The mineralized zone is a shear zone associated with a bedding-parallel thrust fault that juxtaposes the itabirite (Lower Proterozoic Minas Supergroup) over other units. This shear zone/thrust fault extends for tens of km beyond the Passagem mine and hosts numerous gold deposits. The richest orebodies are along the itabirite footwall contact and within the graphite–sericite phyllite (Main orebody). Although many lithologic units were mineralized the graphite–sericite phyllite appears to have been most favorable for gold deposition.The area underwent three phases of deformation, D₁, D₂ and D₃. Mineral assemblages indicate upper-greenschist to lower-amphibolite conditions of regional metamorphism. Retrograde metamorphism, characterized by chloritization of biotite and chloritization and biotitization of garnet, developed locally. The gold-bearing veins crosscut the main foliation and lithologic contacts at low angle and occur within, or are in contact with, all lithotypes. Field and laboratory data indicate that gold mineralization at Passagem de Mariana is epigenetic. Gold deposition occurred after the peak of metamorphism, within the late- to post-D₂ period of deformation, which is correlated with second set of structures of Trasamazonian age of Alkmim and Marshak [Alkmim, F.F., Marshak, S., 1998. Transamazonian Orogeny in the Southern São Francisco Craton Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil: evidence for Paleoproterozoic collision and collapse in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Precambrian Research 90, 29-58.], indicating that the gold mineralization occurred between 2.124 and 2.04 Ga. We choose to regard Passagem de Marina as an orogenic gold deposit as defined by Groves et al. [Groves, D. I., Goldfarb, R.J., Gebre-Mariam, M., Hagemann, S.G., Robert, F., 1998. Orogenic gold deposits: A proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types. Ore Geology Reviews 13, 7-27.], i.e., an epigenetic, structurally-hosted lode–gold vein system in a deformed metamorphic terrane.