Oil resources for the next century: What's ahead?

Proven reserves of liquid hydrocarbons are now assessed at between 950 and 1,000 billion barrels, depending on the source. Their life expectancy at the current rate of world production is about 41 to 45 years. This lifetime is much longer than what was predicted in both 1970 and 1980. However, this wealth of resources does not necessarily mean that the security of oil supplies is guaranteed for all countries. Oil reserves are unequally distributed from a geopolitical standpoint. Reserves and output are mainly due to big fields (with more than 500 million barrels of initial reserves).Though oil supplies seem to be ensured for the coming 30 to 40 years, what does the picture look like beyond 2020–20307 The increased lifetime of proven oil reserves has been apparent only in the last 10 to 20 years. The considerable increase in proven oil reserves reported after 1986 is, in fact, mainly due to revisions and extensions, rather than to new sources of oil: conventional oil (with the price per barrel of oil on the order of $20 and recovery rate around 30 percent) remaining to be discovered today; oil resources stemming from an improvement in recovery rate; oil resources resulting from exploitation of new zones, such as deep sea zones; and unconventional types of oil, such as extra-heavy crudes, tar sands, shale oils, and liquid hydrocarbons from chemical-enhanced oil recovery methods.     

Tank模型在模拟滑坡地下水位中的应用

季节性的降雨及其所引起的地下水状态的变化是促使日本大型结晶片岩滑坡活动和诱发灾害发生的重要原因。基于对一典型结晶片岩滑坡、降雨和地下水位的长期观测,利用Tank模型建立了一种模拟滑坡地下水位变化的方法。通过对滑体内不同观测点地下水位实际观测数据与模拟结果的对比分析,证明所采用的模拟方法能够很好地再现地下水位随降雨的变化形态,从而为预测和评价降雨型滑坡的地下水状态变化提供了依据。     

利用重力资料研究黑龙江省孙吴-嘉荫地区基底构造特征及油气远景

在波数域中处理孙吴—嘉荫剖面重力资料，使用常密度单界面位场异常反演法计算出结晶基底起伏界面深度，并利用Hilbert变换计算重力归一化总梯度及其相位，得到归一化总梯度等值线和相位图。根据孙吴—嘉荫剖面布格异常特征及归一化总梯度相位曲线特征，划分了16条断裂，反演了该剖面结晶基底起伏界面，并对结晶基底构造特征进行了分析，将孙吴—嘉荫盆地划分为4个凹陷区和4个隆起区，确定逊克凹陷带、结列河凹陷带和乌拉嘎凹陷带为油气远景区。     

不同窑口古瓷断面能量色散X射线荧光光谱线扫描分析

利用能量色散X射线线扫描分析技术，同时借助体视显微镜、偏光显微镜等分析手段，对我国古代邢窑、巩窑和宜阳窑三个窑口具有典型化妆土、中间层、析晶层的5块瓷器样品进行了分析测试，结果表明，化妆土、中间层、析晶层的显微形貌、化学元素组成及其分布模式，都具有各自的特征，此结果可为三者之间的区分及其形成机理的研究提供一定的依据。     

Basement interface structural characteristics beneath Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area in Xinjiang, China

The seismic data obtained from high resolution seismic refraction profile in Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area in Xinjiang, China were further processed with ray hit analysis method and more complete basement interface struc-tural characteristics beneath Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area were determined. The results show that there are two clear basement interfaces at the upper crust in Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area. The first one with buried depth ranging from 2.6 km to 3.3 km presents integral and continuous structure, and it appears an inclined plane interface and smoothly rises up toward Tianshan Mountain. The second basement interface with buried depth from 8.5 km to 11.8 km, is the antiquated crystalline basement of Tarim basin. Near the post number of 37 km, the bur-ied depth of the crystalline basement changed abruptly by 2.5 km, which maybe result from an ultra crystalline basement fault. If taking this fault as a boundary, the crystalline basement could be divided into two parts, i.e. the southwestern segment with buried depth about 11.5 km, and the northeastern segment with buried depth approxi-mately from 8.5 km to 9.0 km. That is to say, in each segment, the buried depth changes not too much. The north-east segment rises up as a whole and upheaves slightly from southwest to northeast, which reflects the upper crustal deformation characteristics under the special tectonic background at the northwestern edge of Tarim basin.     

Not so rare Earth? New developments in understanding the origin of the Earth and Moon

A widely accepted model for the origin of the Earth and Moon has been a somewhat specific giant impact scenario involving an impactor to proto-Earth mass ratio of 3:7, occurring 50-60 Ma after T₀, when the Earth was only half-accreted, with the majority of Earth's water then accreted after the main stage of growth, perhaps from comets. There have been many changes to this specific scenario, due to advances in isotopic and trace element geochemistry, more detailed, improved, and realistic giant impact and terrestrial planet accretion modeling, and consideration of terrestrial water sources other than high D/H comets. The current scenario is that the Earth accreted faster and differentiated quickly, the Moon-forming impact could have been mid- to late in the accretion process, and water may have been present during accretion. These new developments have broadened the range of conditions required to make an Earth-Moon system, and suggests there may be many new fruitful avenues of research. There are also some classic and unresolved problems such as the significance of the identical O isotopic composition of the Earth and Moon, the depletion of volatiles on the lunar mantle relative to Earth's, the relative contribution of the impactor and proto-Earth to the Moon's mass, and the timing of Earth's possible atmospheric loss relative to the giant impact.     

松嫩地块西缘前寒武岩浆事件——来自龙江地区古元古代花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学证据

松嫩地块位于中亚造山带东段,该陆块是否具有前寒武纪结晶基底以及基底的规模和性质一直存在争议。我们在龙江地区识别出~1.8Ga的岩石,揭示了松嫩地块西缘古元古代结晶基底的存在。本文对其进行了岩石地球化学、锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究,为探讨松嫩地块西缘古元古代晚期构造演化提供了重要信息。研究结果表明,马山二长花岗岩中的锆石大多具有清晰的振荡生长环带,结合较高的Th/U比值(1.30~2.64),表明其为岩浆成因,岩浆锆石的~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb加权平均年龄为1808±14Ma,形成于古元古代晚期;马山二长花岗岩具有富硅(Si O_2=69.50%~75.11%)、碱(K_2O+Na_2O=5.30%~8.69%)和铁(Fe O~T=2.86%~4.53%),贫钙(Ca O=0.46%~1.87%)、镁(MgO=0.25%~0.93%)的特征。稀土总量较高(∑REE=357.2×10~(-6)~587.1×10~(-6)),具强轻稀土分异((La/Yb)_N为12.2~17.6)和负Eu异常(δEu为0.27~0.77)的"燕式"稀土分配模式。大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba等富集,亏损HFSEs(Nb、Ta、Ti)和P、Sr等元素。结合岩石的Zr+Nb+Ce+Y(772.1×10~(-6)~911.1×10~(-6))和10000×Ga/Al比值(2.41~3.17)较高,全岩锆石饱和温度为891~940℃,暗示其为A型花岗岩,具造山后A_2型花岗岩的特征。马山二长花岗岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值介于-9.2~-2.8之间,t_(DM2)=2992~3520Ma,与华北板块北缘~1.8Ga岩浆岩具有相似的锆石Hf模式年龄。上述结果表明,马山A型花岗岩起源于幔源岩浆底侵作用引起的中-新太古代地壳岩石的部分熔融,证明陆壳已转入伸展拉张构造环境,是Columbia超级大陆裂解事件在松嫩地块西缘的响应。综合资料发现,松嫩地块已经发现的新太古代-中元古代的岩浆事件在华北克拉通都有同期的构造地质事件响应,初步认为松嫩地块与华北克拉通具有一定的亲缘性。     

基于3DMine的断面法与距离幂次反比法对比

以坦桑尼亚纳钦圭阿大型晶质石墨矿南部矿体为研究对象,基于3DMine软件平台,通过垂直断面法、距离幂次反比法进行资源量估算,对比研究2种资源量估算方法在矿体的体积、品位、资源量方面的区别。结果表明：2种估算方法体积相对误差为6.30%,品位相对误差为1.45%,资源量结果相对误差为7.83%,资源量验算结果在误差范围之内;3DMine中的断面法计算过程自动、准确、高效,利用三维模型体积替代传统公式计算体积,计算结果更加精准;采用距离幂次反比法时,运用三维模型计算矿体体积,用全局验证和交叉验证对搜索椭球体参数的合理性进行验证,最终选择最优搜索椭球体参数,是进行资源量准确估算的关键。综上所述,用距离幂次反比法估算的资源量结果更加准确,计算过程高效、便捷,并可为后期矿山数字化建设提供基础,是今后矿山发展的趋势。     

The long-lived partial melting of the Greater Himalayas in southern Tibet,constraints from the Miocene Gyirong anatectic pegmatite and its prospecting potential for rare element minerals

The Cenozoic Himalayan leucogranite-pegmatite belt has been a hotspot for rare metal exploration in recent years. To determine the genesis of the pegmatite in the Himalayan region and its relationship with the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex (GHC), the Gyirong pegmatite in southern Tibet was chosen for geochronological and geochemical studies. The dating analyses indicate that the U-Th-Pb ages of zircon, monazite, and xenotime exhibit large variations (38.6–16.1 Ma), with the weighted average value of the four youngest points is 16.5 ± 0.3 Ma, which indicates that the final stage of crystallization of the melt occurred in the Miocene. The age of the muscovite Ar-Ar inverse isochron is 15.2 ± 0.4 Ma, which is slightly later than the intrusion age, showing that a cooling process associated with rapid denudation occurred at 16–15 Ma. The ε_Hf(t) values of the Cenozoic anatectic zircons cluster between −12 and −9 with an average of −11.4. The Gyirong pegmatite shows high contents of Si, Al, and K, a high Al saturation index, and low contents of Na, Ca, Fe, Mn, P, Mg, and Ti. Overall, the Gyirong pegmatite is enriched in Rb, Cs, U, K, Th and Pb and depleted in Nb, Ta, Zr, Ti, Eu, Sr, and Ba. The samples show a high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_{(16 Ma)} ratio of ca. 0.762 and a low ε_{Nd(16 Ma)} value of −16.0. The calculated average initial values of ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_{(16 Ma)}, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_{(16 Ma)} and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_{(16 Ma)} of the whole rock are 39.72, 15.79 and 19.56, respectively. The Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic characteristics of the Gyirong pegmatite are consistent with those of the GHC. This study concludes that the Gyirong pegmatite represents a typical crustal–derived anatectic pegmatite with low metallogenic potential for rare metals. The Gyirong pegmatite records the long–term metamorphism and partial melting process of the GHC, and reflects the crustal thickening caused by thrust compression at 39–29 Ma and the crustal thinning induced by extensional decompression during 28–15 Ma.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.