Preservation of coal-waste geochemical markers in vegetation and soil on self-heating coal-waste dumps in Silesia,Poland

Occurrence and distributions of geochemical markers on vegetation and in soils covering two self-heating coal waste dumps were investigated with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and compared with those of bitumen expelled on the coal waste dump surface. Presence of biomarkers, alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and such polar compounds as phenols indicate that components of self-heating coal wastes indeed migrate to soils and plants surface and their characteristic fingerprints can be applied in passive monitoring to investigate migration of contaminants from self-heating coal wastes. Moreover, results allow to discriminate between the Upper- and Lower Silesian coal basins, notwithstanding value shifts caused by heating. Mechanisms enabling the migration of geochemical compounds into soils include mixing with weathered coal-waste material, transport in gases emitted due to self-heating and, indirectly, by deposition of biomass containing geochemical substances. Transport in gases involves mostly lighter compounds such as phenols, methylnaphthalenes, methylbiphenyls, etc. Distributions and values of geochemical ratios are related to differences in their boiling temperatures in the case of lighter compounds but preserve geochemical features in the case of heavier compounds such as pentacyclic trierpanes.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定水系沉积物中的铌钽锆铪

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定水系沉积物中铌、钽、锆、铪四种元素的分析方法。将样品与氢氧化钠、过氧化钠混合物放入高温炉中,熔融分解完全,用热水提取,过滤后弃去滤液,将滤纸及沉淀用酒石酸-盐酸溶液溶解,稀释至刻度测定。方法检出限(3s)为:LD(Nb)=0.08μg/g,LD(Ta)=0.04μg/g,LD(Zr)=0.5μg/g,LD(Hf)=0.04μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=6)为:0.84%~4.21%。该测定方法具有灵敏度高、精密度好、分析速度快、线性范围宽、操作性强等优势。采用该方法对国家一级标准物质进行测定表明,其结果与标准值吻合。此方法已在实际地质调查样品分析中得到应用。     

关于峨眉山大火成岩省一些问题的研究现状

峨眉山大火成岩省(ELIP)位于扬子板块西缘,是我国唯一被国际学术界认可的大火成岩省,受到国内外学者的广泛关注。主要围绕峨眉山玄武岩喷发前的隆升剥蚀情况、喷发时限、地幔柱的轴部位置等争议性问题进行探讨,总结了前人的研究成果。由于地幔柱和岩石圈之间相互作用的复杂性,加之地幔柱模型的不完善,峨眉山地幔柱活动在地表的真实响应也许更复杂。在今后的研究中,应该加强不同学科间的相互合作,着重研究地球深部动力学过程以及地球系统各圈层的相互作用。     

张家口高家庄多金属矿床成矿时代厘定及其地质意义

太行山北东向构造-岩浆岩带中发育有多个燕山期酸性岩体,目前已发现的多金属及贵金属矿床与燕山期岩体有着密切的成因联系。本文对分布于大河南岩体北西侧的高家庄多金属矿床采用硫化物Rb-Sr法进行了同位素定年,(144.5±1.4)Ma等时线测年结果与采用锆石U-Pb法确定的大河南岩体形成时代接近;此外,矿床硫化物的初始锶同位素比值为0.7122~0.7123,显示成矿物质来源以壳源为主。这与大河南岩体主要为陆壳物质部分熔融形成的认识相一致,即高家庄多金属矿床在成矿物质来源上与大河南岩体的形成与演化之间具有密切的成因联系。大河南岩体的形成时限与区内多金属矿床形成时限与中国东部第二次大规模成矿期一致,此时区内地球动力学环境正处于主应力场由近南北向转换到近东西向的构造体制大转折时期。在此独特的成矿背景下,深熔作用形成的花岗质岩浆沿NNE向与原EW向断裂交汇处侵位。花岗质岩浆高侵位但未发生喷发作用,使挥发组分和成矿元素得以保存,从而为大规模成矿作用提供了必须的热、流体、挥发组分和成矿元素。     

新疆阿尔泰小土尔根铜矿区岩体地球化学及其地质意义

小土尔根是近年来诺尔特地区新发现的斑岩铜矿。矿区内发育花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩、黑云母二长花岗岩,其中与成矿作用密切相关的岩体为花岗闪长斑岩。为了确定矿区侵入岩成因及其与铜矿化的内在关系,对矿区内发育的岩体开展了岩相学和地球化学研究。结果表明,所有岩石富硅和碱,铝含量中等,属高钾钙碱性和钾玄质系列岩石。所有样品富集Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P、Sr和重稀土元素,指示其为同源岩浆分异演化的产物,形成于陆缘弧环境。结合区域地质背景,推测这些岩体是俯冲洋壳发生部分熔融并交代上覆地幔楔后,在上升过程中经分离结晶作用后的产物。与典型的还原性斑岩型铜矿形成条件进行对比研究后,认为小土尔根地区有形成斑岩型矿床的潜力。     

北京飞云瀑景点崩塌地质灾害分析及防治方法研究

近15年来,北京飞云瀑景点附近发生过2次大规模崩塌,崩塌堆积岩块体积累计达450 m3,崩塌岩块已滚落覆盖至景区小路。经勘查,确定了1处危岩体及1处危岩带,该危岩体及危岩带对本景点的正常观赏及过往游人构成极大威胁。本文对该景点的崩塌地质灾害地质特征进行了简要介绍;对地质灾害成因、自然发展趋势等进行了初步探讨;对危岩体(带)的稳定性进行了计算、分析及评价;对可能采用的治理方法进行了比选分析。为了最大程度地保护景观资源,最终选择了以避让为主的治理措施,并对选定的治理方案及计算进行了阐述。     

基于FLUENT的内孤立波质量源造波方法

为研究内孤立波质量源数值造波方法,本文采用两个点源形式的质量源,分别放置于两层流体的上下层中作为内孤立波激发源。推导源项表达式,从不可压缩流体的Navier-Stokes方程出发,结合内孤立波Kd V、e Kd V理论,基于商业软件FLUENT发展了一种内孤立波质量源数值造波方法。通过数值模拟,分析了质量源造波过程中内孤立波的生成过程,并将数值模拟结果同理论及实验作对比。结果表明:基于此方法生成的内孤立波波形、波高及波致水平速度与理论及实验吻合度较好,该方法是可行的,并且耗时短、效率高。     

The effects of yawing motion with different frequencies on the hydrodynamic performance of floating vertical-axis tidal current turbines

Under real sea conditions, the hydrodynamic performance of floating vertical-axis tidal current turbines is affected by waves and currents. The wave circular frequency is a significant factor in determining the frequencies of the wave-induced motion responses of turbines. In this study, the ANSYS-CFX software (manufacturer: ANSYS Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States) is used to analyse the hydrodynamic performance of a vertical-axis turbine for different yawing frequencies and to study how the yawing frequencies affect the main hydrodynamic coefficients of the turbine, including the power coefficient, thrust coefficient, lateral force coefficient, and yawing moment coefficient. The time-varying curves obtained from the CFX software are fitted using the least-squares method; the damping and added mass coefficients are then calculated to analyse the influence of different yawing frequencies. The simulation results demonstrate that when analysing non-yawing turbines rotating under constant inflow, the main hydrodynamic coefficient time-varying curves of yawing turbines exhibit an additional fluctuation. Furthermore, the amplitude is positively correlated with the yawing frequency, and the oscillation amplitudes also increase with increasing yawing frequency; however, the average values of the hydrodynamic coefficients (except the power coefficient) are only weakly influenced by yawing motion. The power coefficient under yawing motion is lower than that under non-yawing motion, which means that yawing motion will cause the annual energy production of a turbine to decrease. The fitting results show that the damping term and the added mass term exert effects of the same level on the loads and moments of vertical-axis turbines under yawing motion. The results of this study can facilitate the study of the motion response of floating vertical-axis tidal current turbine systems in waves.     

高效液相色谱-离子阱质谱法测定海洋微藻藻粉中的8种脂溶性毒素

建立了利用高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱(HPLC-ESI-IT-MS)测定海洋微藻藻粉中8种典型脂溶性毒素的分析方法。藻粉样品经超声细胞破碎后,采用超声波辅助提取法对藻毒素进行提取,用HPLC-ESI-IT-MS多反应离子监测(MRM)模式对各种毒素(包括大田软海绵酸(OA)、鳍藻毒素1(DTX-1)、扇贝毒素2(PTX-2)、虾夷扇贝毒素(YTX)、原多甲藻酸1(AZA1)原多甲藻酸2(AZA2)、罗环内酯毒素(SPX),米氏裸甲藻毒素(GYM))进行测定。8种脂溶性藻毒素均在线性范围内线性关系良好(R2均在0.991以上),检出限均介于0.085～1.315 pg之间,加标回收率在88.5%～111.4%之间,方法重复性相对标准偏差(RSD)在4.82%～10.17%范围。应用该方法对利玛原甲藻干藻粉中的毒素进行了测定,分析结果良好,说明本方法是海洋微藻藻粉中脂溶性藻毒素测定的有效方法。     

Molybdenum Mass Fractions and Isotopic Compositions of International Geological Reference Materials

The double‐spike method with multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry was used to measure the Mo mass fractions and isotopic compositions of a set of geological reference materials including the mineral molybdenite, seawater, coral, as well as igneous and sedimentary rocks. The long‐term reproducibility of the Mo isotopic measurements, based on two‐year analyses of NIST SRM 3134 reference solutions and seawater samples, was ≤ 0.07‰ (two standard deviations, 2s, n = 167) for δ^98/95Mo. Accuracy was evaluated by analyses of Atlantic seawater, which yielded a mean δ^98/95Mo of 2.03 ± 0.06‰ (2s, n = 30, relative to NIST SRM 3134 = 0‰) and mass fraction of 0.0104 ± 0.0006 μg g^?1 (2s, n = 30), which is indistinguishable from seawater samples taken world‐wide and measured in other laboratories. The comprehensive data set presented in this study serves as a reference for quality assurance and interlaboratory comparison of high‐precision Mo mass fractions and isotopic compositions.