Ecosystem-based marine spatial management: Review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues

Conventional sectoral management and piecemeal governance are considered less and less appropriate in pursuit of sustainable development. Ecosystem based marine spatial management (EB-MSM) is an approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including human uses, rather than considering single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation. Marine spatial planning and ocean zoning are emerging concepts that can support EB-MSM. EB-MSM is driven by high-level goals that managers aim to achieve through the implementation of measures. High-level goals and objectives need to be translated into more operational objectives before specific targets, limits and measures can be elaborated.Monitoring, evaluation and adaptation are necessary to ensure that marine management measures are both effective and efficient. Solid monitoring frameworks are the foundation of adaptive management, as they provide the necessary information to evaluate performance and the effectiveness of management actions. Marine protected areas (MPAs) - possibly set up in networks - constitute a key component in EB-MSM policies and practises and have been applied as a cornerstone in conservation of marine biodiversity, management of fish populations, development of coastal tourism, etc. Moreover, MPA experiences have provided methods and concepts (such as zoning) to a wider EB-MSM context. The assignment of values to biophysical features of the marine environment allows the direct assessment of related management choices and may assist EB-MSM.A range of monetary valuation techniques have been proposed to reduce attributes of goods and services to a single metric. However, in the marine environment such an approach is often over simplistic, and thus less reductive techniques may be necessary. Rather than producing a single metric, the results of non-monetary assessments guide policy allowing weight to be given as necessary to potential areas of conflict and consensus.Strategies to take into account climate change effects and geohazard risks in EB-MSM have been applied or proposed worldwide. EB-MSM regimes must be alert to such risks and flexible to account for changes.     

Distribution characteristics,exploration and development,geological theories research progress and exploration directions of shale gas in China

The shale gas resources in China have great potential and the geological resources of shale gas is over 100×10¹²m³,which includes about 20×10¹²m³ of recoverable resources.Organic-rich shales can be divided into three types according to their sedimentary environments,namely marine,marine-continental transitional,and continental shales,which are distributed in 13 stratigraphic systems from the Mesoproterozoic to the Cenozoic.The Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have the highest geological resources of shale gas,and the commercial development of shale gas has been achieved in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in these areas,with a shale gas production of up to 20×10⁹m³ in 2020.China has seen rapid shale gas exploration and development over the last five years,successively achieving breakthroughs and important findings in many areas and strata.The details are as follows.(1)Large-scale development of middle-shallow shale gas(burial depth:less than 3500 m)has been realized,with the productivity having rapidly increased;(2)breakthroughs have been constantly made in the development of deep shale gas(burial depth:3500-4500 m),and the ultradeep shale gas(burial depth:greater than 4500 m)is under testing;(3)breakthroughs have been made in the development of normal-pressure shale gas,and the assessment of the shale gas in complex tectonic areas is being accelerated;(4)shale gas has been frequently discovered in new areas and new strata,exhibiting a great prospect.Based on the exploration and development practice,three aspects of consensus have been gradually reached on the research progress in the geological theories of shale gas achieved in China.(1)in terms of deep-water fine-grained sediments,organic-rich shales are the base for the formation of shale gas;(2)in terms of high-quality reservoirs,the development of micro-nano organic matter-hosted pores serves as the core of shale gas accumulation;(3)in terms of preservation conditions,weak structural transformation,a moderate degree of thermal evolution,and a high pressure coefficient are the key to shale gas enrichment.As a type of important low-carbon fossil energy,shale gas will play an increasingly important role in achieving the strategic goals of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality.Based on the in-depth study of shale gas geological conditions and current exploration progress,three important directions for shale gas exploration in China in the next five years are put forward.     

Habitats and taphonomy of Europa

Jupiter's moon Europa possesses an icy shell kilometers thick that may overlie a briny ocean. The inferred presence of water, tidal and volcanic energy, and nutrients suggests that Europa is potentially inhabited by some kind of life; indeed Europa is a primary target in the search for life in the Solar System although no evidence yet exists for any kind of life. The thickness of the icy crust would impose limits on life, but at least 15 broad kinds of habitats seem possible for Europa. They include several on the sea floor, at least 3 in the water column, and many in the ice itself. All of these habitats are in, or could be transported to, the icy shell where they could be exposed by geologic activity or impacts so they might be explored from the surface or orbit by future planetary missions. Taphonomic processes that transport, preserve, and expose habitats include buoyant ice removing bottom habitats and sediment to the underside of the ice, water currents depositing components of water column habitats on the ice bottom, cryovolcanoes depositing water on the surface, tidal pumping bringing water column and ice habitats to the near-surface ice, and subice freezing and diapiric action incorporating water column and bottom ice habitats into the lower parts of the icy shell. The preserved habitats could be exposed at or near the surface of Europa chiefly in newly-formed ice, tilted or rotated ice blocks, ridge debris, surface deposits, fault scarps, the sides of domes and pits, and impact craters and ejecta. Future exploration of Europa for life must consider careful targeting of sites where habitats are most likely preserved or exist close to the surface.     

山东省区域地球物理场

山东省各岩石磁性及密度参数基本可分为高、中、低3类.山东省磁性结晶基底为泰山岩群、荆山群、胶东岩群、胶南岩群.以沂沭断裂带为界,山东省区域地球物理场分为鲁东区和鲁西区.鲁东区进一步划分为3个次级区,即北部区、中部区和南部区.鲁西区进一步划分为5个次级区,即鲁北重磁缓变区、鲁西南重高磁高区、中部弧形重磁场区、鲁西中部重低磁高区、鲁中南条带状重磁场区.各区地球物理场由于地质原因各具特点.山东省莫氏面总体呈东浅西深的缓变带,在该缓变带的背景上,呈周边地区条带状幔隆、中部幔坳的特征.山东省居里面呈近南北向带状分布,有德州聊城菏泽隆起带、滨州淄博滕州深坳带、蓬莱海阳千里岩响水隆起带.鲁中隆起北部碰撞带为山东省特殊的构造地带,其特征为侵入岩体沿该带断续出现、岩体围岩或岩体内铜及多金属矿化较为普遍、地热田沿该带时有分布、地形上为南部山区和北部平原的分界地带.胶莱盆地内,蓼兰-高密缺失莱阳群层位;中生代早期,盆地东北部与西南部是盆地的沉积中心,至晚期盆地中心北移,第三纪沉积中心则为平度蓼兰附近;盆地较深部位位于诸城凹陷、平度凹陷.胶莱盆地的次级构造单元可划分为11个,七级镇构造带控制了胶莱盆地的成生和发展.山东省岩浆岩通常表现为强磁性、低密度,但基性程度高的岩体磁性高、密度亦高,酸性程度高的岩体磁性低、密度低.     

Enhancement of edges of Sidi Chennane phosphate “disturbances” using sunshading responses of resistivity data

Sunshading is a powerful tool for the enhancement of edges in images. Given the azimuth and elevation of a source illumination, it calculates the reflectance from a surface which is composed of the data to be interpreted. It is a standard tool used in the interpretation of geophysical potential field data. In the great Oulad Abdoun phosphate basin, inclusions of sterile hardpan — so-called “disturbances” — are hard to detect as they interfere with phosphates. Their resistivity is above 200 Ohmm against 80 to 150 Ohmm for a phosphate-rich mineral. A Schlumberger resistivity survey over an area of 50 hectares was carried out. The geologic setting was successfully modeled on the basis of sunshaded maps of disturbances. A new field procedure was tested to deal with the extended edges of anomalous zones of phosphate deposit disturbances. Phosphate reserves were estimated more reliably.     

“Source-Diagenesis-Accumulation” enrichment and accumulation regularity of marine shale gas in southern China

After the breakthrough of shale gas exploration and development in the Ordovician Wufeng Formation (Fm.) and Silurian Longmaxi Fm. of Chongqing Jiaoshiba area, Changning-Weiyuan area, etc. in Sichuan basin, a series of discovery and breakthrough were obtained by China Geological Survey in the Cambrian Niutitang Fm. and Sinian Doushantuo Fm. shale of the areas with complicated structure outside Sichuan basin. Based on the understanding of the law of shale gas enrichment in Longmaxi Fm. in the basin, this paper puts forward three elements of the formation and enrichment of shale gas, which are the “Source”, the “Diagenesis” and the “Accumulation”, after deeply studying the law shale gas enrichment and accumulation in Sinian-Cambrian reservoir of the complex structure area outside the basin. The “Source” means the sedimentary environment and petrological characteristics of organic shale. The “Diagenesis” means the basin tectonic subsidence and hydrocarbon generation and expulsion process of organic matter. The “Accumulation” means the tectonic uplift and shale gas preservation. It is proposed that the Sinian-Cambrian and Ordovician-Silurian black shale series in the middle and upper Yangtze region of southern China were both formed in the deep-water shelf environment of rift trough and foreland basin respectively. The dessert intervals were formed in the strong reduction environment under transgressive system tract. The shale lithology belongs to calcium-siliceous and charcoal-siliceous respectively. Based on the summary of structural evolution in Yangtze area, the correlation of structural burial depth with shale diagenesis and the coupling evolution of organic matter with pore structure are discussed. Combining with structural styles, the preservation conditions of shale gas are discussed. Five types of shale gas reservoir control models are further described. Two types of future exploration directions, which are reverse fault syncline and paleo-uplift margin in complex structural area outside the basin, are proposed.     

砚山炭房村供水水文地质特征分析

云南砚山县炭房村,处于南丘河（属珠江水系）与盘龙河（属红河水系）的分水岭地带,区域地貌为滇东南高原斜坡地带,炭房附近地貌以峰丛洼地为主.通过初步调查在炭房村水文地质钻孔周边开展物探激电测深电法,确定钻孔孔位,通过钻孔实施,水量5.145m3/d,几乎为干孔.总结这—失败原因,对今后该地区的水文地质钻探提供资料.     

三维模型在新疆梅岭铜矿勘探中的应用

梅岭矿区勘探程度较高,积累了大量的地质资料及研究成果,此次研究,建立了梅岭矿区三维地质数据库,应用Micromine软件建立铜矿体三维模型及Fm1断层模型,并应用距离反比法对M1和M2号矿体矿块模型进行空间插值,获得相应的品位模型.通过对比不同勘探网度条件下的矿体三维模型及矿体品位、矿石储量等特征的变化,探讨了在M1和M2号矿体勘探范围内设计勘探网度的合理性.     

祁连山北阿拉善地体特征及其大地构造演化

祁连山北阿拉善地块在大地构造位置上处于中亚造山带、塔里木板块、祁连山-秦岭造山带和华北板块之间.阿拉善地体在太古代-元古代作为一个相对独立的小地体发育, 其结晶基底岩性与塔里木板块、华北板块存在一定程度差异.受加里东构造运动影响, 板块与地体表现为南聚北散特点; 在中奥陶世早期阿拉善地体与华北板块拼为一体, 进入板块整体演化阶段.中海西构造运动期, 北部早二叠世古亚洲洋关闭, 发育新增地壳, 形成北缘沟弧盆体系; 晚海西构造运动期, 阿拉善地体向南俯冲, 祁连山洋关闭, 地壳增生, 阿拉善地体与塔里木板块、华北板块焊接在一起.新特提斯构造运动对其影响巨大, 南缘表现为"左旋"走滑, 北缘表现为"右旋"走滑, 古生代所形成构造带均受到新生代北东向构造的强烈改造.阿拉善地体频繁的构造运动, 致使其南北部相对稳定的燕山期所形成的煤系中小盆地群(阿拉善-银额盆地群、北山盆地群、河西走廊盆地群、祁连山东部盆地群、祁连山西部盆地群、阿尔金盆地群、柴达木周缘盆地群), 也相应发生快速沉降与快速抬升过程, 后期均遭受强烈改造与破坏, 不仅造就烃源岩欠发育, 就是造成储集层致密, 总体不利于油气的生成、运移、聚集成藏, 油气勘探前景欠佳.     

广东梅县宝山工区物化探异常特征及找矿远景

广东梅县宝山地区处于广东省官草湖Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe-W-Sn远景区内,中生代火山岩盆地的边部,北东向葵头营区域性大断裂的西北侧,是广东省梅县地区找矿的重点远景区之一。通过对宝山工区地质矿产、物探、化探等工作成果的综合分析,探讨了宝山工区主要找矿标志及找矿前景,为工区下一步的找矿工作指明了方向。