伸展断陷中的变换构造分析

变换构造分析对于研究伸展断陷盆地的构造格局与油气分布具有重要的意义。在前人研究成果和近年来渤海湾盆地大量地震反射剖面解释的基础上,讨论了变换构造研究中一些有争议和有意义的问题。(1)对变换构造研究中采用的术语,诸如分段构造、变换构造、传递带、调节带和转换带重新进行了定义,并阐述了其基本概念。(2)根据侧列控凹主断层之间连接方式的不同,提出了一个新的分类方案,首先将变换构造划分为传递带、调节带和转换带3类,而后考虑每类变换构造特有的标志细分为若干亚类。(3)传递带和调节带的形成机制一般与侧列的控凹断层位移量沿其走向均匀变化有关。在断层中段位移量最大,在其末端,位移量减至最小。传递带和调节带形成于断层末端,然而,由于侧列断层叠覆程度的差异、位移量是否守恒、断层的倾向状况以及平面上侧列断层末端之间的横向距离等诸多因素,从而产生传递带或者是调节带以及与之有关的多种多样的变换构造样式。与传递带和调节带不同,转换带以连接不同伸展构造段的转换断层为特征,推测其形成是由于地壳伸展速率的巨大差异所致。     

Microanalysis of Fe3+/ΣFe in oxide and silicate minerals by investigation of electron energy-loss near-edge structures (ELNES) at the Fe M 2,3 edge

The Fe M _2,3-edge spectra of solid solutions of garnets (almandine-skiagite Fe₃(Al_1–xFe_x)₂[SiO₄]₃ and andradite-skiagite (Fe_1–xCa_x)₃Fe₂[SiO₄]₃), pyroxenes (acmite-hedenbergite (Ca_1–xNa_x)(Fe²⁺ _1−xFe³⁺ _x)Si₂O₆), and spinels (magnetite-hercynite Fe(Al_1–xFe_x)₂O₄) have been measured using the technique of parallel electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) conducted in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The Fe M _2,3 electron energy-loss near-edge structures (ELNES) of the minerals exhibit a characteristic peak located at 4.2 eV and 2.2 eV for trivalent and divalent iron, respectively, prior to the main maximum at about 57 eV. The intensity and energy of the pre-edge feature varies depending on Fe³⁺/ΣFe. We demonstrate a new quantitative method to extract the ferrous/ferric ratio in minerals. A systematic relationship between Fe³⁺/ΣFe and the integral intensity ratio of the main maximum and the pre-edge peak of the Fe M _2,3 edge is observed. Since the partial cross sections of the Fe M _2,3 edges are some orders of magnitude higher than those of the Fe L _2,3 edges, the Fe M _2,3 edges are interesting for valence-specific imaging of Fe. The possibility of iron valence-specific imaging is illustrated by Fe M _2,3-ELNES investigations with high lateral resolution from a sample of ilmenite containing hematite exsolution lamellae that shows different edge shapes consistent with variations in the Fe³⁺/ΣFe ratio over distances on the order of 100 nm. Received: 14 April 1998 / Revised, accepted: 8 March 1999     

粗粒筑坝材料的动力变形特性

结合室内大型动三轴试验资料,对粗粒料的动力变形特性进行研究后认为,在复杂的高应力条件下振动过程中试验粗粒料由于体积缩小而变得更为密实,其动应力-应变关系与Hardin-Drnevich模型的双曲骨架曲线假定有明显差异,其阻尼特性也不符合Hardin假定;提出了反映试验过程中材料振动硬化特性的幂函数型动应力-应变关系模型和基于试验资料的粗粒料阻尼比估算公式;粗粒料的动残余变形特性与其初始密度、静应力状态、动荷载、振动持续时间等因素密切相关,建立了考虑初始固结围压影响的粗粒料残余应变与动剪应力之间的关系模型。可为强震区超高土石坝的深入研究提供可靠的理论依据。     

Correlation between local structure and molar ratio of Au (III) complexes in aqueous solution: An XAS investigation

The local and geometrical structure around gold (III) e.g., Au³⁺ ions in aqueous solution with different OH⁻/Cl⁻ molar ratios, has been investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of [AuCl_n(OH)_4−n]⁻ solutions have been calculated and the multiple-scattering spectral features have been attributed to Cl d-states, axial water molecules and the replacement of Cl⁻ ligands by OH⁻ ligands. A square–planar geometry for [AuCl_n(OH)_4−n]⁻ with two axial water molecules has been identified. Moreover, a spectral correlation between XANES features and the type of planar atoms has been identified. By extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra (EXAFS), the planar Au bond distances in the solutions have also been determined, e.g., 2.28 Å for Au–Cl and 1.98 Å for Au–O, respectively. The same EXAFS analysis provides evidence that the peak at about 4.0 Å in solutions with the lowest OH⁻/Cl⁻ molar ratio arises from collinear Cl–Au–Cl multiple-scattering contributions. For the first time, a complete detailed reconstruction of the hydration structure of an Au ion at different pH values has been achieved.     

砖-土结构劣化及入侵建筑物拆除对榆林卫城稳定性影响

研究古城墙在环境和人为破坏因素下的稳定性对于古城墙保护和修复工程具有重要科学意义。以陕西榆林卫城为研究背景,对其保存现状进行大量调研,对砖墙砌体及夯土材料力学特性进行原位测试和室内试验,再基于数值方法来综合评判砖-土结构劣化及入侵建筑物在拆除过程中古城墙的整体稳定性和受力性态。结果表明:(1)城墙夯土受水分入渗后平均含水率w≥11.5%或顶部剥蚀长度L≥2.5m时,安全系数低于设计值[Fs]=1.3,而外墙砌体劣化对城墙整体稳定性影响不大,表明夯土的强度对城墙整体稳定性起着决定性作用;(2)拆除2层以上、入侵深度超过3.0m的民居或拆除1层的入侵深度超过2.5m的邻近建筑物时,城墙顶部夯土塑性区几乎贯通至城墙顶部;(3)拆除高2.0m宽超过4.0m的贯通城墙的门洞或层高4.0m宽超过2.5m的贯通城墙的民居时,建筑物顶部以上夯土塑性区贯通至城墙顶部,可能会出现坍塌危险,而拆除断面尺寸低于2.0m×2.0m的贯通城墙的建筑物时,对其城墙稳定性影响不大。     

新疆哈密沙泉子地区断裂构造航空重磁遥特征及相关性分析

为了研究航空物探（重、磁）及遥感在断裂构造研究中的关系,利用新疆哈密沙泉子地区开展的航空物探（重、磁）遥感调查数据,开展了该区断裂构造划分,共划分断裂构造18条。对划分的18条断裂进行了重磁遥特征及相关性分析,结果显示,区内所划分的一、二级断裂均为重磁遥相关,重磁遥相关的三级断裂也是与主体构造格架方向一致的断裂;重磁、磁遥相关断裂均为三级断裂,不相关断裂也是三级断裂。总体上,利用重磁遥资料进行大断裂或主体格架断裂划分时关联性更好。     

辽宁东胜地区金、银、多金属剪切带矿床控矿构造特征

运用剪切带控矿理论，通过对剪切带内变形岩石的应变测量和不同惊讶的成矿构造研究，阐明了辽宁东胜地区金、银、多金属剪切带矿床的控矿构造特征，探讨了此类矿床控矿构造与矿化的关系。     

豫西芦店滑动构造区瓦斯地质灾害的控制因素及相互作用机理

豫西芦店滑动构造区有严重的瓦斯突出及瓦斯爆炸等矿井地质灾害。本文根据“一式”、“二相”、“四场”的瓦斯研究新思路,运用地质学原理与方法,结合芦店滑动构造特征探讨瓦斯突出的众多地质因素及相互作用机理。这一研究无论是对瓦斯地质基础理论研究,还是对芦店滑动构造区的煤矿安全生产,乃至对中国东部伸展构造区煤矿安全开采,皆具有重要的理论与实践意义。     

Structural and vibrational behaviour of fluorapatite with pressure. Part I: in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction investigation

Using single-crystal X-ray diffraction from a diamond anvil cell, the compressibility of a synthetic fluorapatite was determined up to about 7?GPa. The compression pattern was anisotropic, with greater change along a than c. Unit cell parameters varied linearly with β _a =3.32(8)?10^?3 and β _c =2.40(5)?10^?3 GPa^?1, giving a ratio β _a :β _c =1.38:1. Data fitted with a third-order Birch-Murnaghan EOS yielded a bulk modulus of K ₀=93(4)?GPa with K′=5.8(1.8). The evolution of the crystal structure of fluorapatite was analysed using data collected at room pressure, at 3.04 and 4.72?GPa. The bulk modulus of phosphate tetrahedron is about three times greater than the bulk modulus of calcium polyhedra. The values were 270(10), 100(4) and 86(3) GPa for P, Ca1 (nine-coordinated) and Ca2 (seven-coordinated) respectively. While the calcium polyhedra became more regular with pressure, the distortion of the phosphate tetrahedron remained unchanged. The size of the channel extending along the [001] direction represented the most compressible direction. The Ca2–Ca2 distance decreased from 3.982 to 3.897?Å on compression from 0.0001 to 4.72?GPa. The anisotropic compressional pattern may be understood in terms of the greater compressibility of the channel size over the polyhedral units. The reduction of the channel volume was measured by the evolution of the trigonal prism, having the Ca2–Ca2–Ca2 triangle as its base and the c lattice parameter as its height. This prism volume changed from 47.3?ų at room pressure to 44.78?ų at 4.72?GPa. Its relatively high bulk moduli, 86(3) GPa, indicated that the channel did not collapse with pressure and the apatite structure could remain stable at very high pressure.     

湘鄂西奥陶纪宝塔组灰岩网纹构造成因及沉积环境探讨

网纹构造是宝塔组石灰岩地层中非常发育且分布广泛的一种构造形态 ,其成因一直存在争论和疑问。对湘鄂西地区宝塔组灰岩的研究表明 ,网纹构造的形成不是由于胶体凝缩、水下沉积物收缩或生物遗迹等原因 ,而是一种成岩早期形成的准同生变形构造。根据岩石性质及生物特征推断 ,宝塔组网纹状灰岩沉积于正常浪基面以下、风暴浪基面之上 (水深大约 5 0～ 15 0 m)的陆棚或台盆环境