落儿岭-土地岭断裂几何结构及晚第四纪活动特征初探

落儿岭-土地岭断裂是东大别地区重要的发震构造,然而限于自然地理条件等因素,前人对其的研究并不充分。本文以发生多次中强地震的落儿岭-土地岭断裂为研究对象,在高精度卫星影像解译的基础上,通过详细的野外地质地貌调查,尤其是对典型断层剖面进行分析,研究落儿岭-土地岭断裂的断错地质地貌特征、几何结构及活动特征。通过野外调查并结合其他资料分析认为落儿岭-土地岭断裂为发育于大别造山带内部的一条走向NE、向NW陡倾的断裂带。依据地质地貌特征及地震活动性,断裂可以划分为杨树沟-黑石渡段和黑石渡-横塘岗乡段两个几何段落。断裂最新活动时代为中更新世晚期-晚更新世早期,断裂最新活动继承了中生代以来的运动方式,以兼具右旋走滑的拉张正断为主。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘红3 井东侧断层构造几何学、运动学模型

红3井东侧断层的成因与中拐凸起的形成与演化密切相关,解析其构造几何学与运动学特征对于揭示中拐凸起自晚古生代以来的构造变形具有积极作用,并对于研究区的油气勘探具有重要意义。本文利用断层相关褶皱理论,不整合面识别及平衡剖面的方法,对红3井东侧断层进行精细的构造解析、建模与构造复原。中拐凸起发育白垩系-侏罗系、侏罗系-三叠系、三叠系-上乌尔禾组、上乌尔禾组底界及佳木河组-石炭系5个区域不整合面。研究认为,红3井东侧断层为一断层传播褶皱模型,发育生长三角,平面上分为北段、中段和南段。受海西晚期及燕山期的区域挤压作用的影响,红3井东侧断层在早二叠世末期（P₁f末期）至中二叠世晚期（P₂w）及早侏罗世晚期（J₁s）至晚侏罗世发生两期传播活动,并在中段发生分支,分支断层的断距较小。早期的断层活动在中段最强,南段其次,北段最弱。中-下二叠统被抬升,遭受大面积剥蚀,地层缩短量约为3.8 km。晚期的断层活动微弱,且只发生在中段和北段,地层缩短量约为200 m。红3井东侧断层自北东向南西方向的传播、推覆作用控制了中拐凸起的主体构造形态,整体具有“南北分段、早晚期构造叠加”的特征。     

Facies character and depositional architecture of hydrothermal travertine slope aprons (Pleistocene,Acquasanta Terme,Central Italy)

Hydrothermal travertines develop various depositional geometries, from tabular to high-relief mounds or aprons with steep slopes, under the control of local topography, location and geometry of the vents, fault activity, hydrology, water physico-chemical properties, rates of thermal water flow and carbonate precipitation rates. This study focuses on two Pleistocene, tens of metres thick, travertine slope aprons accumulated on fluvial terraces in the Tronto River Valley (Acquasanta Terme, Central Italy) to investigate their facies character, geochemical signature, porosity and evolution of the depositional geometry through time.The two travertine aprons consist of four aggradational-progradational units, vertically and laterally stacked with onlap and downlap stratal terminations, separated by erosional unconformities produced by events of non-deposition and erosion, due to temporary interruptions of vent activity, shifts of the vent location and/or deviation of the flow directions. The travertine units include various depositional environments: 1) smooth slope, 2) terraced slope with metre-scale sub-horizontal pools separated by rounded rims and vertical walls, and 3) sub-horizontal, tens of metres wide ponds. Smooth slope clinoforms are made of centimetre to decimetre thick layers of crystalline dendrite cementstone, laminated boundstone and radial coated grain grainstone, precipitated by fast-flowing water on inclined substrates. Rims and walls of terraced slopes are built by crystalline dendrites and laminated boundstone. Sub-horizontal layers of terrace pools and ponds consist of facies precipitated by slow-flowing to standing water (clotted peloidal micrite dendrite, coated bubble boundstone, raft rudstone) associated with radial coated grains and laminated boundstone. Carbonate coated reeds occur in distal ponds adjacent to toe of slopes or overlie packstone/rudstone with travertine intraclasts and substrate extraclasts, marking events of subaerial exposure and erosion. Travertine facies porosity and permeability range from 4 to 21% and 0.03 to 669 mD, respectively, showing no direct correlation. Stable isotope values (δ¹³C: 5.7–9.3‰; δ¹⁸O −9.6‰ to −12.2‰) are similar to other travertines precipitated by thermal water in Central Italy.This study identifies the centimetre-scale travertine facies variability linking it to the environment of deposition and to the depositional geometry of travertine units affected by the substrate topography and lateral shifts of the active springs. Despite the different scale and facies composition, the geometry of aggradational-progradational units of travertine aprons might resemble marine flat-topped high-relief carbonate platforms. Travertine units in the subsurface, if present with sizes that can be seismically resolved, might be wrongly interpreted as carbonate platforms with steep slopes without a detailed facies analysis.     

Estimating basal friction and fluid pressure from the geometry and spacing of frontal faults in Naga fold thrust belt, India

Naga fold thrust belt is an emerging destination for petroleum exploration in eastern India. It is a thin skinned FTB where new initiatives are being taken after a long gap of initial discoveries. In absence of sufficient drilling or quality seismic data in the southern part of the fold thrust belt, fluid pressure regimes remain largely speculative. Using the concept and the formulation for efficient coefficient of basal friction, we have revisited the method and concept of pressure-dependent Coulomb wedge theory for thin skinned thrust belts for deriving the fluid pressure ratio in Naga fold thrust belt. The efficient coefficient of basal friction on the decollement and the fluid ratio of Naga fold thrust belt are estimated to be 0.22 and 0.85 respectively. This indicates an overpressure situation in the wedge. This method of estimating basal friction and fluid pressure is more case-specific and can be obtained from the data of thrust initiation angle and thrust spacing.     

中国喜马拉雅山地区滑坡堵江编目及空间特征分析

滑坡堵江数据获取与编目是其区域研究开展的基础。喜马拉雅山脉地处中国西南边陲,新构造运动强烈,滑坡堵江事件频发,在产生巨大经济损失的同时也造成了不良国际影响。鉴于该区区域滑坡堵江现场调查难以开展的问题,本文利用遥感技术、地理信息技术,结合野外验证获取了区内136处滑坡堵江事件的空间位置、基本属性和几何形态,建立了中国喜马拉雅山地区滑坡堵江编目。区内滑坡堵江集中分布在米林、札达、加查、错那、隆子、郎县等县,成因类型以滑坡、崩塌、泥石流为主。基于环境要素信息量计算得出该区滑坡堵江的易发程度随高程、坡度、地震加速度的增大先增大后减小,随地震点密度增大先减小后增大,随构造线密度增大逐渐增大,随与水系距离增大逐渐减小。不同坡向中,西向斜坡更容易诱发滑坡堵江,东南坡向最不容易诱发滑坡堵江。高位高山地貌类型、地层条件中的朗县构造混杂岩组和坚硬岩组,构造分区中的高喜马拉雅分区和雅鲁藏布江分区是滑坡堵江形成的有利条件。对比各环境要素不同类别的信息量取值认为影响该区滑坡堵江事件形成的主要背景因素是高程、地貌类型、地层岩组、构造分区和地震点密度。这些滑坡堵江事件几何参数的研究结果表明坝体长度-坝体面积与滑坡面积-坝体面积之间具有拟合程度较高的乘幂函数关系,而其他参数间的相关性并不突出。     

Coverage optimization in continuous space facility siting

Facility placement and associated service coverage are major concerns in urban and regional planning. In this paper an approach is detailed for the problem of covering spatial demand for service, where potential facilities are located in the continuous plane. It is shown that weighted demand, represented as points, lines or polygons, can be optimally served by a finite number of potential facility locations, called the polygon intersection point set (PIPS). The developed approach is an extension of a point‐based abstraction of demand to more general representations (e.g. points, lines or polygons). An empirical analysis of warning siren siting in Ohio is carried out, highlighting the applicability of this approach.     

西大别造山带中新县-红安地区的变质变形分析

以商麻断裂为界,大别造山带分为东段和西段,西大别造山带是连接桐柏造山带和大别造山带的纽带。通过对几何学和运动学以及变质环境的研究表明：西大别造山带的形态为一个枢纽向西倾伏的巨型背形构造,且有圈层结构,层间存在滑脱面。西大别地区至少存在着3 期构造变形,第一期是南北边界剪切带的形成,第二期是层间滑脱面和榴辉岩透镜体的形成,第三期是晚期的岩体侵入。应力场的统计结果可知,西大别造山带主要受到近南北方向的挤压,统计结果真实地记录了西大别造山带形成时的古应力状态,对应着3 期变形的第一期。有限应变测量结果显示,从北向南岩石的变形强度存在着：强变形带→弱变形带→强变形带→弱变形带→强变形带这种强弱变形带交替出现的规律。通过白云母Ti温度计以及多硅白云母压力计结果显示西大别造山带中新县-红安地区岩石的变质条件为T = 450 ℃～620 ℃,P = 1.0～1.6 GPa,属于高压蓝片岩相到榴辉岩相。     

滇西无量山北段回龙山地区飞来峰群构造变形特征研究

滇西无量山北段回龙山地区分布有大量的呈弧形分布的飞来峰构造。通过野外详细路线地质调查及室内的整理分析, 结合先构造后地层的研究方法, 重点对飞来峰的几何结构和变形特征进行了分析, 确定了回龙山地区飞来峰群构造的存在, 并提出逆冲推覆运动方向可能是自南西向北东推覆。     

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深部俯冲板片三维构造重建及其几何学、运动学研究——以汤加—克马德克地区俯冲板片为例

西南太平洋板块与澳大利亚板块之间的汤加—克马德克俯冲带,是研究地球动力学最重要的区域之一.本文研究根据MIT-P08地震数据,结合板块构造边界、地震活动分布、海岸地形数据等,基于GOCAD软件平台建立三维地震层析成像,对西南太平洋板块的汤加—克马德克俯冲板片进行三维解释.地震层析成像显示汤加—斐济地区地幔至少存在三个"高速"异常体.早期汤加—克马德克俯冲板片穿过地幔转换带,并进入下地幔,最大深度达1600 km.三维构造模型揭示了汤加—克马德克板片在深度600~800 km处存在断折形变,该俯冲板片去褶皱恢复后,测量其俯冲的最大位移达2600 km.汤加—克马德克板片开始快速俯冲的时间至少在30 Ma之前,平均移动速率约为68~104 mm /a.俯冲板片三维构造重建和恢复,可以有效揭示俯冲板片几何学、运动学,为研究深源地震成因、地球深部变化过程和动力学机制提供约束.