中下扬子地区的壳幔结构及其与地震相关性的研究

针对中下扬子地区人口稠密、经济建设蓬勃发展、而其地壳构造十分复杂、天然地震比较活跃的现实情况，以实测的地球物理资料与卫星重力异常等相结合，分析了该地区地壳构造和上地幔深部构造的基本特征，指出该地区中强震的形成和发生既有可能与地壳层中存在的低速带和高导层有关，还可能与更深部上地幔内部构造的背景因素有关。文中还提出了一些值得进一步探讨的问题。     

基于融合U-Net及ConvLSTM的海面高度异常预报方法研究

海面高度异常是反映海洋环境状况的主要变量之一。本文使用1993—2019年的融合月均海面高度异常数据,建立了基于深度学习的海面高度异常预测神经网络模型,提出了基于融合U型网络(U-Net)和卷积长短记忆网络(ConvLSTM)的中长期海面高度异常预报模型。在研究海域0.25°×0.25°的空间分辨率下,模型测试集预报结果的均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为0.039 m和0.027 m,均优于全连接LSTM预报模型和ConvLSTM+CNN预报模型,为大中尺度的海面高度异常预报提供了新的方法。     

蒙古中部剖面重力异常研究

在蒙古中部106°E附近布设一条南北走向的重力剖面,首次获得该地区精确的实测重力值,经过数据预处理和改正计算,得到剖面重力异常结果。分析表明,剖面自由空气异常和地形有很强的相关性|剖面布格重力异常变化总体较为平缓,只在戈壁-阿尔泰-曼达尔戈壁加里东区带(GAB)和哈拉加里东区带（HRB）附近发生相对较快的变化,推测这两个区域可能存在较明显的深部构造变化|在蒙古-鄂霍兹克造山带附近,并未发现与板块缝合带相对应的重力异常变化|剖面均衡重力异常以负值为主,多数地区地壳未达到重力均衡状态,剖面附近地震活动和均衡重力异常之间的关系与中国南北地震带北段相关研究结果类似。     

用区域重力资料确定的华北地台南缘地缝合线及其地质意义

利用１∶２０万区域重力资料，结合航磁，电磁测深、遥感、天然地震等丰富的地质、地球物理资料，根据断裂的地质、地球物理标志，在华北地台南缘发现并确定了控制火山喷发的裂隙—中心式古火山通道，即隐伏的北西西向的上戈—铁炉坪—付店超壳断裂带。该断裂属华北地台南缘不同时代、不同性质的近东西向的地缝合线。研究认为：该断裂及其次级断裂不仅是重要的长期多次活动的控岩、导矿和容矿构造，而且也为矿床的多次改造、叠加和再富集提供了热源。它的发现，对重新认识豫西地区大地构造的演化特征，建立新的成矿模式，拓宽该区的找矿前景具有重要意义。     

北极海冰的年代际转型与中国冻雨年代际变化的关系

基于1961-2013年HadISST海冰密集度资料,定义了北极海冰的季节性融冰指数,结果显示近几十年来北极季节性融冰范围呈显著的上升趋势,并分别在20世纪70年代末和90年代中期存在显著的年代际转型,相应地,中国冻雨发生频数总体上呈现出显著的减少趋势,但也存在显著的年代际转型。在20世纪70年代末之前,北极季节性融冰范围较小但显著增长,中国冻雨频数年际变化振幅较大,且主要受巴伦支海、喀拉海海冰的影响;20世纪70年代末至90年代中期北极季节性融冰范围维持振荡特征,没有显著的线性趋势,中国冻雨频数变化振幅减小,与北极海冰相关较弱,主要相关因子为北大西洋及北太平洋海表温度变化;而90年代中期以后,北极海冰融化加快,特别是2007年以后,季节性融冰范围大大增加,而中国冻雨频数处于低发时段,其变化与太平洋扇区海冰及堪察加半岛附近海温呈显著负相关,季节性融冰的显著区域也从东西伯利亚海逆时针旋转向波弗特海-加拿大群岛北部扩张,同时向北极中央区扩张。不同年代影响冻雨的海温或海冰关键海区不同,产生特定的大气环流异常响应,进而影响到我国冻雨。     

区域化探异常研究方法探讨

本文对区域化探异常图示、异常评序、可能成矿元素、综合解释及成矿预测等方面进行了探索性研究,这对异常深入的剖析研究,确定异常检查范围及成矿预测都十分有益。数据处理系统是在无 X—Y 绘图仪的 PC 微机上实现数据处理、成图及各类处理分析的程序软件。     

The Darwin Rise demise: the western Pacific guyot heights trace the trans-Pacific Mendocino fracture zone

The Darwin Rise has been proposed so many times and in so many forms and places that the time has come to make a more comprehensive examination of the region. Lying on the NW Pacific Plate between the Geisha Guyots, the Mid-Pacific Mountains, the equator, and the trenches, the region is roughly bounded by magnetic anomaly M20 (147 Ma). It was subjected to a massive outpouring of lava about 105 to 120 Ma, which created the guyots and seamounts in that region. Guyots are excellent tools for studying events of long ago because they eroded in the same lowstand in the Cretaceous and guyot relief, therefore, is a surrogate for paleo-sealevel. The relief is derived by subtracting the break depth of the summit plateau of a guyot from the regional depth. Guyot relief would necessarily be less in the center than to the periphery if the feature formed on a pre-existing rise, as has been postulated. The existence of a paleo-Darwin Rise would give concentric contours for the region in question. Of the sixty guyots used in this study, thirty-seven of these guyots were surveyed using SASS multibeam in the Marcus-Wake seamount group. Twenty-three guyots were surveyed using random track single-beam sonar surveys. An entirely different scenario is shown. Data revealed a major fracture passing through the area coevally or after the guyots formed. Because the depths to the summit are not the same now, vertical tectonics occurred after subaerial erosion. This means the fracture formed during and after the erosion (roughly 105 Ma) and influenced the normal sequence of events in guyot formation. Depending on how one deciphers trends through the Hess Rise morass, SASS bathymetry shows a continuation of the Surveyor/Mendocino fracture zone swarm inside the M20 region to the NE of these data. The fracture swarm continues to the western Pacific trench system. Based on this information, if the Darwin Rise ever existed, it had to have done so elsewhere.     

Seafloor and buried mounds on the western slope of the Niger Delta

Seafloor mounds are potential geohazards to offshore rig emplacement and drilling operations and may contain evidence of underlying petroleum systems. Therefore, identifying and mapping them is crucial in de-risking exploration and production activities in offshore domains.A 738 km² high resolution three-dimensional seismic dataset was used to investigate the occurrence, seismic characteristics and distribution of features interpreted as seafloor and buried sediment mounds, at water-depths of 800–1600 m, on the western Niger Delta slope. Fifteen seafloor mounds and eighteen shallowly buried mounds were identified. The seafloor mounds are characterised by lower seismic amplitude anomalies than the surrounding seabed sediments, and overlie vertical zones of acoustic blanking. The buried mounds in contrast are characterised by high amplitude anomalies; they also directly overlie sub-vertical zones of acoustic blanking. Seismic evidences from the features, their distribution patterns and tectono-stratigraphic associations suggest that their formation was controlled by the juxtaposition of buried channels and structural highs and their formation caused by focused fluid flow and expulsion of entrained sediments at the seabed.Considering the acoustic and geometrical characteristics of the mounds and comparing them with mound-shaped features from around the world, we conclude that the mounds most likely comprise heterolithic seafloor extrusions of muds and sands from the Agbada Formation with gas and possibly oil in some of the pore space giving rise to the acoustic characteristics.     

冲绳海槽火山岩地球化学特征及岩浆源区地幔性质探讨

冲绳海槽是因菲律宾海板块俯冲于欧亚板块之下,在陆壳上发育起来的一个初始的弧后盆地,是研究弧后扩张作用早期盆地演化、岩浆作用和壳幔过程的天然实验室。尽管迄今对冲绳海槽已经做了大量的调查研究工作,但仍存在一些颇有争议或亟待解决的科学问题,如：冲绳海槽酸性浮岩与基性玄武岩之间的成因联系,冲绳海槽不同区段构造背景对岩浆作用的控制,冲绳海槽岩浆源区地幔的特征,俯冲板块组分(流体+熔体)对地幔楔部分熔融的贡献等。本文在系统收集和整理(剔除了一些存疑数据)了迄今已有冲绳海槽火山岩主量元素、微量元素(包括稀土元素)与Sr-Nd-Pb同位素数据的基础上,通过对资料的系统分析,进一步确认了酸性浮岩与基性玄武岩的岩浆同源性;认为在冲绳海槽北段与中段主要分布有酸性浮岩和中性安山岩,应该是两段区域目前正处于裂谷阶段的反映,而南段广泛分布的基性玄武岩说明在构造性质上已接近成熟性弧后盆地;冲绳海槽的火山岩岩浆源区具有II型富集地幔（EMII型）Dupal异常特征,岩浆源于流行地幔（PREMA）和EMII型地幔端元混合的源区地幔,其中EMII约占比15%,PREMA贡献率在85%左右;源于俯冲的菲律宾海板块(俯冲洋壳或沉积物)的流/熔体的加入是导致冲绳海槽下伏地幔具有EMII型特征的原因,这一点不同于Dupal异常源于壳幔相互作用的观点。     

砂岩型铀矿床硫化物还原富集铀的机制

砂岩型铀矿中含大量不同形态、不同阶段的黄铁矿。仅凭矿相学对黄铁矿产状及电子探针对黄铁矿形态的观察难以准确地判别成矿期、成矿前及成矿后形成的黄铁矿。而成矿期黄铁矿是铀矿床成因和形成过程的重要信息载体,对其准确识别具有特别重要的意义。以往国内外研究采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICP-MS)方法分析Pb同位素,但该方法对于低含量Pb样品分析精度较低且较难获得²⁰⁴Pb数据。本文对铀矿石中的黄铁矿利用微区原位的手段进行更加精准的飞秒级质谱(fs-LA-MC-ICP-MS)的Pb同位素测试,发现大量黄铁矿存在Pb同位素异常,从中可能区分出成矿期与非成矿期的黄铁矿。经U-Th-Pb放射性衰变原理分析并结合黄铁矿矿相学特点可以发现,矿相学镜下明确是成矿期的黄铁矿,其²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb比正常克拉克值大十几倍甚至数十倍,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb稍有异常,而²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb基本不变。矿相学中产状呈草莓状,以及铀矿物围绕其生长但未有穿插关系的非成矿期黄铁矿,其²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb正常;矿相学镜下难以确定形成阶段的、与铀矿物没有任何接触关系的黄铁矿,其Pb同位素没有明显的规律性。这些结果证明了利用Pb同位素异常来判断黄铁矿形成阶段的准确性。因此,利用黄铁矿微区原位Pb同位素差异,适当配合矿相学形态和产状观察,可较为精准地识别出成矿期黄铁矿。