渤海海峡跨海通道建设与中国的地缘政治战略

回顾渤海海峡跨海通道建设研究的历史进程基础上,诠释了地缘政治理论与地缘政治战略,梳理了主要的中外地缘政治理论与地缘政治战略,明确指出地缘政治战略决定着大国竞争方向。中国是世界上地缘政治环境最复杂的国家,在中国周边长期存在着一个“V”字型地缘政治热点线,“V”字型地缘政治热点线贯穿中国周边的东南亚、东北亚、南亚、北亚、中亚五大地缘政治战略区,构成了中国的地缘政治“大棋局”。东南亚中国南海之争直接威胁到中国领土安全;目前东北亚已成为中国地缘政治关系热点中的热点;南亚存在着中印陆海长期之争;北亚俄罗斯将会成为战略合作伙伴;中亚复杂的地缘政治因素将长期影响着中国西北边疆的安全。研究表明,渤海海峡跨海通道建设对于中国实施地缘政治战略的重要意义在于：① 对下好中国的地缘政治“大棋局”起着重要的支撑作用;② 是“一带一路”战略破解美国亚太再平衡战略的重要构成要素;③ 对遏制东北亚局部战争、确保国家安全将发挥重要作用。渤海海峡跨海通道建设是一项世界级的大工程,投资建设的成本大,效益也大,同时风险也大。基于此,要汲取国内外世界级大工程建设的经验和教训,认真研究相关问题,不可急功近利草率上马。     

“A Royal Geographical Society for Ladies”: The Lyceum Club and Women's Geographical Frontiers in Edwardian London

This article reconstructs the history, organization, and campaigning function of the Geographical Circle of the Lyceum Club—a membership group that, under the leadership of Bessie Pullen-Burry (1858–1937), sought to promote and legitimize women's geographical work in early twentieth-century Britain. Through an examination of archival material and contemporary press coverage, I document the Geographical Circle's efforts to establish itself as a professional body for women geographers and to lobby for their admission to the Royal Geographical Society. Although considerable scholarly attention has been paid to women geographers’ individual contributions to the discipline, their cooperative, professionalizing endeavors have been comparatively neglected. In tracing the parallel history of the Circle as an example of women's self-organization, and of Pullen-Burry as an independent campaigner, I argue that a nuanced account of women's professionalization in geography demands attention to both individual and collective endeavors.     

Contribution of REDD+ payments to the economy of rural households in Nepal

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) is a global climate change mitigation strategy. Under the proposed REDD+ framework, financial incentives are provided, primarily to developing countries, for forest conservation to reduce carbon emissions. Projects labelled as REDD are being implemented in a wide variety of settings in different countries. Developing an effective benefit-distribution mechanism between implementing agencies and local communities is a key challenge for the implementation of REDD+. We examined whether the REDD+ payment mechanism adopted in a REDD+ pilot project in Nepal is beneficial to the local forest users. We estimated economic contribution of the REDD+ payments to the total household income, calculated the role of payment in reducing income inequality at the household level and examined socio-economic heterogeneity represented by wealth and ethnicity among the payment recipient households. REDD+ payment provided economic benefits to the poorest households but the economic contribution of the payment to the household economy is very nominal and is insufficient to invest in livelihood enhancement activities. REDD+ payment to some extent helps to reduce income inequality among the households. Social heterogeneity of a household overshadowed household wealth status during the payment distribution among the sampled households creating social tension. Therefore, either alternative payment models or investment in community projects might yield better outcomes.     

Understanding the dynamics of sustainability transitions: the Home Insulation Program

The Home Insulation Program (HIP) in Australia is an outstanding example of a contemporary attempt to intervene in a socio-technical regime. The program, implemented in 2009 under the then Australian Labor Party government led by Kevin Rudd, was targeted at stimulating the retrofit insulation industry. The objective was to both improve the energy efficiency of homes and thereby contribute to Australia’s emissions reduction targets by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and to stimulate the Australian economy at the time of the global financial crisis. The program ended early following a number of economic issues and health and safety concerns. Despite previous investigation into the HIP reviewing its design and implementation, the focus has been on economic issues and health and safety concerns. To date there has been no investigation of the HIP as a sustainability transition. This article integrates socio-technical transition theory (STTT) and political ecology (PE) approaches to analyse the HIP and identify lessons for future sustainability transition initiatives. This is achieved by illustrating the effect of regime management (RM) on the orientation of niche governance (NG) which highlights the importance of considering the RM and NG aspects of STTT with a PE approach in symmetry, in order to adequately account for political and economic contest and power relations, which are ubiquitous in environmental management governance.     

The economic impact of spatial organizational structures on the provincial border-regions of China

Based on the spatial organizational structures of the provincial border-regions (a border-region is one which borders two or more independent administrative regions), we build a spatial economic model for N-provincial border-regions (a N-p border-region is one which is under the jurisdiction of N provincial governments) and find that, for a given region with same geographical condition and resources endowment, the largest output of a N-p border-regional system will not exceed that of a (N-1)-p border-regional system, i.e., F₁*>F₂*...>F_N−1*>F_n*. Using the model in this paper, we present a quantitative method to calculate the economic impacts of "provincial borders" and apply it to the border-region of Shanxi, Hebei, Shangdong, and Henan provinces. The results shows that the economic potential in the border-region has not been efficiently exploited and that the annual gross agricultural products have decreased by 10.4% due to the 4-p borders. Financial supports from China National Science Foundation and National Social Science Foundation are graterfully acknowledged.     

乐山市矿产资源在国民经济发展中的地位和作用

根据乐山市非金属矿产丰富、金属矿产贫乏、能源矿产紧缺的矿产资源形势和国民经济发展对地质矿产业依存度较高的特点,论述矿产资源在国民经济发展中的地位和作用,进而提出“科技兴矿、加强监督管理”的建议。     

中国旅游经济对城市绿色发展的影响及空间溢出效应

在“生态优先、绿色发展”战略背景下,针对旅游经济绿色产业外部性及其空间溢出的科学认识缺乏,论证中国旅游经济能否促进绿色发展并揭示其空间溢出特征具有理论和现实意义。选取绿色全要素生产率（GTFP）作为城市绿色发展水平评价指标;融合多源数据并利用EBM-GML模型测算并分解中国284个地级以上城市2005—2016年GTFP;利用空间分析方法刻画地市尺度下GTFP时空格局及聚类情况;依托空间杜宾模型揭示旅游经济对绿色发展的影响及空间溢出效应。结果表明：① 东部、中部、西部、东北城市GTFP年度均值呈现总体上升态势,但“中部塌陷”特征明显;地市尺度中国GTFP格局与经济版图存在空间错位。② 旅游经济具有良好的绿色发展效应,能够同时促进绿色技术效率和绿色技术进步,进而驱动目的地本地GTFP增长。③ 旅游经济对GTFP存在不显著的正向空间溢出,但对绿色技术效率具有显著正向空间溢出。④ 政策上应加强区域内旅游经济联动发展,构建旅游目的地创新溢出机制,推动旅游目的地与邻地产业分工协同发展,打造旅游业深度参与的区域产业生态圈和综合体等,以期强化中国旅游经济对绿色技术进步的空间溢出。     

自然禀赋与政区类型对中国县域经济发展的影响

传统研究对经济发展的影响分析多集中于社会经济指标,对“先天赋予”的自然禀赋与“后天叠加”的行政“身份特征”研究较少。在探究自然禀赋因素的同时,引入市辖区、省会、城市群以及各个交互项的行政身份虚拟变量,使用2015年夜间灯光数据表征县域经济,利用空间自相关展现中国县域经济发展格局,并通过回归分析揭示自然禀赋与政区类型对县域经济发展的影响。研究发现：① 中国县域经济存在显著的正向空间自相关特征,且县域经济统计指标表明的确存在显著的空间差异现象。② 城乡差距仍是中国区域差异的最主要特征,其中省会地区的城乡差距更为明显。③ 分区域来看,东部地区经济一体化程度高,内部差异较小,西部地区省会-非省会差异与城乡差距均高于全国平均水平,而中部地区省会区域与非省会区域的差距要大于城乡差距。④ 三种政区类型中,市辖区类型对经济促进作用最为明显,省会类型次之,城市群最弱。⑤ 通过交互项分析,城市群对中国区县经济发展的促进作用已十分明显,尤其在东部地区,不仅可提高经济发展水平,同时对于缩小城乡差距也起到一定作用,但在中西部地区作用较弱。⑥ 自然禀赋对中国经济发展起到一定作用,坡度大于15°面积比例过大以及平均海拔过高是制约经济发展的不利因素。⑦ 通过对自然禀赋和政区类型交互项的分析,城市群战略的实施可以缩小由地形地貌所造成的县域经济差距。     

西方尺度研究进展：概念化框架、实践路径及启示

通过梳理西方尺度研究的内涵和主要内容,发现尺度主要包含尺度本体论、尺度隐喻和尺度实践3个主要要素。尺度的本体论认为尺度是静态的等级化的物质实体,尺度的隐喻体现在尺度可通过话语进行多样化的解构和表达,尺度实践表示尺度通过不同行动者间的互动进行社会建构以实现尺度的再创造。尺度的3个要素之间既有统一性又有对立性：在统一性上,尺度本体论为尺度隐喻与尺度实践的实现创造了前提,尺度隐喻及尺度实践发展了尺度本体论;在对立性上,尺度本体论是实在论立场,尺度隐喻和尺度实践是建构论的产物。西方尺度研究主要经历了2个典型的阶段：将尺度物化为固定的空间实体;不同行动主体运用尺度进行社会实践或话语表达。这启示中国化的尺度研究需要将两者结合起来,既要承认物质空间实体的作用,也要接受行动者的能动性,将尺度看作是人、物相互作用的关系网络。文章展示了尺度概念化框架并实现了尺度的应用路径归纳,具体体现在尺度化、尺度解构及尺度政治3个方面。同时提出将资源配置效果纳入到尺度实践的分析要素之中以实现尺度的政治经济,这不仅扩充了尺度的理论内涵,还增加了尺度的实践应用效果和范围。     

粤港澳大湾区城市群旅游经济协调发展的空间格局及演化研究

通过对粤港澳大湾区城市间旅游经济收入的联系状态、增长状态和差异状态的量化分析,探究粤港澳大湾区城市群旅游经济协调发展程度的空间格局及演化趋势,得出粤港澳大湾区内部城市的旅游经济协调发展度,研究结果显示粤港澳大湾区的旅游经济协调发展总体呈良好上升态势,集中表现在:(1)粤港澳大湾区城市旅游经济收入存在空间正相关性,且出现一定的聚集特征。(2)广州、深圳的旅游经济增长关联度较高,对大湾区内其他城市的旅游经济增长具有较好的促进作用。(3)各城市的旅游收入增长差距逐渐缩小,旅游经济向更加均衡的方向发展。(4)大部分城市的旅游经济协调发展水平逐渐提高,其中广州最高,中山最低。