连接科学与社会——从第33届国际地理大会看地理学的发展态势

本文介绍了第33届国际地理大会的会议概况和主要议题,从会议论题中总结当前国际地理学研究的前沿问题与发展态势。当前国际地理学界关注的前沿问题主要有：未来地球研究,陆地表层过程作用的综合研究、土地利用变化与生态系统服务,人类活动对全球变化的影响、响应与适应,城市化与可持续发展,地理学与环境、健康问题,自然灾害形成过程与风险分析,大数据、地理信息科学与决策制定,地理学与多元文化等。地理学的发展需要更加关注人地系统的综合研究、自然—社会系统的耦合研究及基础理论和方法的发展与突破。中国地理学应关注当前国际地理学的前沿问题与发展趋势,实现系统的综合和耦合,引领地理科学的发展。     

Remote sensing and GIS based determination of groundwater dependent ecosystems in the Western Cape, South Africa

Finding the location of groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs) is important in determining the extent of restrictions that need to be placed upon the abstraction of groundwater. Remote sensing was combined with geographical information system (GIS) modelling to produce a GDE probability rating map for the Sandveld region, South Africa. Landsat TM imagery identified the areas indicating the probable presence of GDEs and GIS assisted in their delineation. Three GIS models were generated: a GIS model predicting landscape wetness potential (LWP model) based on terrain morphological features; the LWP model was modified to highlight groundwater generated landscape wetness potential (the resulting GglWP model); and a groundwater elevation model was interpolated, combining groundwater level measurements in boreholes in the region with digital elevation model data. Biomass indicators generated from Landsat were classified and combined with the GIS models, followed by field verification of riverine and wetland GDEs. The LWP model provided the most accurate results of the three models tested for GDEs in this region.

基于多源数据的夜间经济时空分布格局研究方法

夜间经济是一个城市经济发展和消费水平的重要表征。目前国内外研究者对夜间经济的研究多停留在理论层面,或基于市场调研和问卷调查的小范围精细化研究。本文融合多源数据为夜间经济提供了新的视角,相较于传统的调查数据,具有更加快速、高效、广泛的特点,适合于夜间经济大范围研究。本文基于夜间灯光、POI、OD流等多源数据,采用DBSCAN、K-Means++等空间聚类算法和研究供需关系的盈亏法,分别从消费者角度和商户角度识别厦门市夜间活动热点区域和夜间服务设施分布区域,分析厦门市夜间经济时空分布格局及相关性。研究表明:① 厦门市夜间活动在空间上呈多环状分布并向四周递减,夜间活动热点区域分布受假期的影响因地而异;② 厦门市部分区域已有服务设施未能很好地服务于夜间经济,现有的照明、夜景等夜间灯光基础设施存在供给不足之处;③ 居住人口密度与夜间活动密度呈中度正相关,研究结果具有有效性,夜间服务设施盈亏值及数量、夜间灯光与夜间活动密度呈中、弱度相关,并且餐饮设施更加依赖于夜间灯光。最后,为厦门市未来夜间经济建设提出了根据不同的消费人群和心理提供不同的夜间服务、加强夜间灯光基础设施建设以及市场扶持的举措。研究结论对促进社会就业、增强基础设施使用率有积极意义,同时也能够为城市夜间经济发展和政策制定提供参考。     

中国中老年人红细胞压积参考值与地理因素的关系

海拔高度是影响中老年人红细胞压积参考值最主要的因素,随着海拔高度的逐渐增大,中老年人红细胞压积参考值也在逐渐增大,相关性很显著,用逐步回归分析的方法推导出二个回归方程,依据中老年人红细胞压积参考值与地理因素的依赖关系把中国分为青藏区,西南区,西北区,东南区,华北区,东北区等６个区。     

Constrction of watershed flood disaster management information system and its application to the catastrophic flood of the Yangtze River in 1998

lintroductionFlooddi~rbringsaboutgreatdamagestopropellesandseriouslossoflives.InChina,onetenthofterritory,500billionPeople,3300X104haofculhvatedland.morethan100largeandndddiecihesand70%ofindusthalandagricultoloutputvaluearethreatenedbyfloodings'l.Watershedflooddisastermanagementconcernsmonitoringandforecastingflood,assessingtheflooddamageandfloodcontrolanddiSasterreduchondecision-makinginthescopeofthewholewatershed.RemotesensingandGeographicalinfonnahonSystemarepowerfultoolstoconstIUctWate…     

省级农村经济区划研究--以河南省为例

文章在探讨农村经济区划理论的基础上制定了区划原则体系,将河南全省划为7个农村经济区域,并根据各区的资源条件和现状特点,对其发展方向和重点进行了简单评述,从而为分区指导和发展河南的农村经济提供了可靠依据.     

地缘因素在日本对外经贸发展过程中的作用初探

第二次世界大战后,由于美国的扶植和利用,日本经济得到较快恢复并迅速发展。日本充分利用历史条件,在战后总体上有利的国际环境中将自己建成仅次于美国的经济大国、对外贸易和对外直接投资大国。本文从地缘战略的角度,对日本对外贸易和对外直接投资的发展进行了有益的探讨     

高速经济增长时期日本的农村与农业问题

本文对战后以工业化为代表的日本高速经济增长时期,农村及农业所出现的乡村人口过疏化、兼业化、农业后继乏人、农地减少、土地经营规模零碎、农业地位不定等问题进行了分析,并探讨了产生这些问题的原因。对高速经济增长中的我国农业和农村的发展可资参照     

Biogeographic characterization of Mediterranean and Black Seas faunal provinces using GIS procedures

To identify Mediterranean and Black Seas areas where similar marine faunal provinces occur, geographical distribution maps of 536 species of actual or potential interest to fisheries have been digitized, using GIS software, and three different ecological areas have been delimited by depth, separated by the 200 and 1000 m isobaths. Information on the species ranges was taken mainly from the maps and the texts of the FAO Species Identification Sheets covering the region, and complemented by other sources when necessary. All the distribution maps have then been overlaid by a grid of points at regular intervals every half degree of latitude and longitude. This allowed creation of a matrix of presence or absence of the species at each point from which species richness maps have been generated. The species richness in the Mediterranean proper shows the same negative gradient eastwards that has been observed for nutrients, while the low number of species in the Black Sea could be linked to the fragility and recent fast degradation of this ecosystem. Through the calculation of 65 dissimilarity indices from 50 contiguous points along the coastline and the species richness maps, the region has been divided into nine faunal provinces. These faunal provinces have then been compared with the ten Mediterranean and Black Seas divisions used by the GFCM for statistical purposes, revealing few differences between the two classifications. The definition of faunal provinces in a region when deciding upon Natural Management Areas, and the appropriate GIS approach to be followed, are discussed.     

地理信息系统集成平台框架结构研究

提出了基于客户／服务器结构的地理信息系统集成平台总体结构,探讨了基于元数据的地理信息系统数据集成平台以建立物理上分布而逻辑上集中的分布式地理信息系统数据库,提出了应用符合３ＮＦ范式的关系数据库进行模型管理的模式,在此基础上探讨了地理信息系统可视化建模工具。