Arsenic content and groundwater geochemistry of the San Antonio-El Triunfo, Carrizal and Los Planes aquifers in southernmost Baja California, Mexico

 The San Antonio-El Triunfo mining district, located at a mountainous region 45 km south-east of La Paz, Baja California, has been worked since the late 1700s. Mine waste material produced during 200 years of mineral extraction area poses a risk of local groundwater pollution and eventually, regional pollution to the Carrizal (west basin) and the Los Planes (east basin) aquifers. There are different types of deposits in the mining area. These are dominated by epithermal veins, in which arsenopyrite is an important component. Carrillo and Drever (1998a) concluded that, even though the amount of mine waste is relatively small in comparison to the large scale area, significant As in groundwater derived from the mine waste piles is found locally in the groundwater. This paper shows the results of geochemical analyses of groundwater samples from the San Antonio-El Triunfo area and the Carrizal and Los Planes aquifers during several years of monitoring (1993–1997). The highest values of total dissolved solids (TDS) and As are in the mineralized area where the mining operations occurred (∼1500 ppm TDS and 0.41 ppm As). The lowest concentrations of TDS and As are, in general, away from the mineralized area (∼500 ppm TDS and 0.01 ppm As). Sulfate and bicarbonate (alkalinity) are, in general, high near the mineralized area and low away from it. The arsenic concentrations vary seasonally, especially after the heavy summer thunderstorms. Geochemical modeling (MINTEQA2 and NETPATH) and analysis of the regional geochemical evolution of the groundwater from the mining area towards the aquifer of Los Planes shows that the most likely hydrochemical processes include: dilution, precipitation of calcite, and adsorption of As onto surfaces of iron oxyhydroxides (ferrihydrite). These processes act as natural controls to the extent and amount of As pollution in the Carrizal and Los Planes aquifers. Received: 4 May 1999 · Accepted: 22 February 2000     

辽宁水系沉积物元素丰度及典型矿区地球化学特征

利用区域化探成果,论述和探讨了37种元素在辽宁省全域及各地质子区水系沉积物中的分布与分配特征及省内7种类Au、Cu、Pb、Zn典型矿区地球化学特征。研究结果表明:辽宁省景观地球化学标型元素是Al(强烈富集)和Ca(大量流失),出露地表的岩石以遭受化学风化作用为主;组成重砂矿物的微量元素(亲铜和亲铁元素)在水系沉积物中趋于富集;早前寒武纪变质岩石是Au、Cu、Pb、Zn、B元素最重要的矿源层,蓟县纪地层富含Au、As、Sb、Bi等元素,是寻找浸染型金矿的有利层位;排由楼金矿区元素组合特征与太古界相似,该区可能一直处于相对封闭体系。     

Influence of mineral weathering reactions on the chemical composition of soil water,Springs, and ground water,Catoctin Mountains,Maryland

During 1983 and 1984, wet precipitation was primarily a solution of dilute sulphuric acid, whereas calcium and bicarbonate were the major ions in springs and ground water in two small watersheds with a deciduous forest cover in central Maryland. Dominant ions in soil water were calcium, magnesium, and sulphate. The relative importance of mineral weathering reactions on the chemical composition of these subsurface waters was compared to the contribution from wet precipitation, biological processes, and road deicing salts. Mineral reaction models, developed from geochemical mass-balance relationships, involved reactions of primary and secondary minerals in metabasalt and metarhyolite with hydrogen ion. Geochemical weathering reactions account for the majority of total ion equivalents in soil water (46 per cent), springs (51 per cent), and ground water (68 to 77 per cent). The net contribution of total ion equivalents from biological processes was 20 and 16 per cent for soil water and springs, respectively, but less than 10 per cent for ground water. The contribution of total ion equivalents from deicing salts (10 to 20 per cent) was related to proximity to roads. Strong acids in precipitation contributed 44 per cent of the total amount of hydrogen ions involved in mineral-weathering reactions for ground water in contact with metarhyolite compared to 25 per cent for ground water in contact with metabasalt, a less resistant rock type to weathering.     

Cause of shale gas geochemical anomalies and mechanisms for gas enrichment and depletion in high-maturity shales

This article reviews the abnormal characteristics of shale gases (natural gases produced from organic-rich shales) and discusses the cause of the anomalies and mechanisms for gas enrichment and depletion in high-maturity organic-rich shales. The reported shale gas geochemical anomalies include rollover of iso-alkane/normal alkane ratios, rollover of ethane and propane isotopic compositions, abnormally light ethane and propane δ¹³C values as well as isotope reversals among methane, ethane and propane. These anomalies reflect the complex histories of gas generation and associated isotopic fractionation as well as in-situ “mixing and accumulation” of gases generated from different precursors at different thermal maturities. A model was proposed to explain the observed geochemical anomalies. Gas generation from kerogen cracking at relatively low thermal maturity accounted for the increase of iso-alkane/normal alkane ratios and ethane and propane δ¹³C values (normal trend). Simultaneous cracking of kerogen, retained oil and wet gas and associated isotopic fractionation at higher maturity caused decreasing iso-alkane/normal alkane ratios, lighter ethane and propane δ¹³C and corresponding conversion of carbon isotopic distribution patterns from normal through partial reversal to complete reversal. Relatively low oil expulsion efficiency at peak oil generation, low expulsion efficiency at peak gas generation and little gas loss during post-generation evolution are necessary for organic-rich shales to display the observed geochemical anomalies. High organic matter richness, high thermal maturity (high degrees of kerogen-gas and oil-gas conversions) and late-stage (the stage of peak gas generation and post-generation evolution) closed system accounted for gas enrichment in shales. Loss of free gases during post-generation evolution may result in gas depletion or even undersaturation (total gas content lower than the gas sorption capacity) in high-maturity organic-rich shales.     

黔东南凯里地区奥陶系原油及灰岩缝洞油苗地球化学特征与成因

对黔东南凯里地区虎47井中奥陶统大湾组轻质原油及其附近露头的中下奥陶统大湾组和红花园组灰岩晶洞和裂缝中的残余油苗进行了色谱、色-质谱及碳同位素测试分析,根据其分子地球化学特征和有机质成熟度,进行了油源对比。结果表明:原油及油苗的干酪根均来源于藻类植物,形成于还原环境;甲基菲指数揭示原油呈成熟油特征,而油苗则呈高成熟油特征。经碳同位素对比(特别是单体烃同位素对比)认为,原油及油苗均是来源于本区下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥质烃源岩,但形成期次有所不同,为同源不同期的产物。     

Effects of weather types on hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in Castilla-La Mancha,Spain

The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the risk of hospital admission for respiratory diseases (RD) and the daily weather types during the period 2000-2006. A synoptic climatological approach is used to investigate links between air-mass types (weather situations) and all respiratory hospital admissions in the Castilla-La Mancha (CLM) area in Spain. This afforded the main circulation weather types (CWTs) for the winter and spring periods (since respiratory hospital admissions reached their maximum during these seasons) and the frequency distributions of these types were analyzed. A summary of the main characteristics of the hospital admission series and their distribution over the seven years studied, together with the frequency distributions of the admissions classified by sex and ages, for season, month and for each day of the week, is reported. In addition, a comparison between air-mass classification and hospital admissions is made using an admission index (AI). The results reveal different responses of respiratory admission rates to the eight air-mass types identified in winter and in spring. In winter, three air massess southwesterly (SW), anti-cyclonic (A) and hybrid anti-cyclonic southwesterly (HASW), are associated with values 1.5 times higher than the respective average admission rates, while in spring no significant differences are seen.     

宁夏中宁茶梁子铁钴矿床成矿地质特征

通过对茶梁子矿区的地质背景、矿体特征、矿石特征及岩石地球化学特征进行综合研究,初步探讨了矿床的成因。认为矿体是由含硫质的低温热液携带矿质运移到断裂构造的有利部位沉淀而形成的。同时在表生环境下,原生矿体经过后期的次生改造作用后,形成了富含铁、锰氧化物的土状矿石,并且以较为富集的铁、锰氧化物作为寻找钴的直接标志。     

老挝复杂景观地区弱异常数据处理及找矿效果

研究区属复杂景观地球化学区,取样位置经常位移,样品高值点难以确定.常规方法圈定化探弱异常范围大,异常中心不明显.经化探数据规格化、聚类分析、因子分析及综合衬度计算圈定的化探异常指导野外找矿,发现多处铜矿体（点）.     

西昆仑造山带中带提热艾力组沉积环境 及物源区构造背景

西昆仑造山带中带上石炭统提热艾力组为一套浅变质碎屑岩沉积,四周被三叠纪岩浆岩所包围,研究其沉积环境及物源特征对揭示该区构造背景具有重要的意义。通过野外详细的剖面测制、沉积相标志的观察,结合室内岩矿鉴定和地球化学等综合分析,揭示该套碎屑岩具典型的鲍马序列结构特征,岩性成分成熟度低,主要为一套近物源的斜坡重力流沉积,其物源区较为复杂,主要为切割岩浆弧、过渡岩浆弧和再旋回造山带,源区构造环境为大陆岛弧及活动大陆边缘,表现出活动大陆边缘弧后盆地的沉积特点。