中国大陆科学钻探主孔0-2000米流体地球化学异常与地震的关系

CCSD流体中He、N2、Ar是记录地震的敏感载体，可能记录了本地一些中小地震及远强震的异常信息。与远强震对应的流体异常幅度大，一般始于远强震前数天，且He、He／Ar、N2／Ar多为负异常，Ar多为正异常；而本地中小地震大多造成主孔流体组分的小幅度波动变化。远强震可能改变了CCSD钻探区的地下流体循环，地震期间监测到泥浆中相对富Ar贫N2和He的地下流体贡献增加，震后，地震引起的附加流体贡献逐渐消失。CCSD的流体组分和比值可能记录了区内地壳应力变化，反映了远强震期间区域构造活动乃至地球深部构造活动产生的场兆、源兆信息，地壳屈曲的假设可以加深CCSD流体作为远强震敏感载体的理解。远强震期间CCSD流体异常也可能是记录了震前长周期波传播至CCSD主孔时激发的流体变化，反映了震源区的应力变化。     

Upscaling geochemical reaction rates using pore-scale network modeling

Geochemical reaction rate laws are often measured using crushed minerals in well-mixed laboratory systems that are designed to eliminate mass transport limitations. Such rate laws are often used directly in reactive transport models to predict the reaction and transport of chemical species in consolidated porous media found in subsurface environments. Due to the inherent heterogeneities of porous media, such use of lab-measured rate laws may introduce errors, leading to a need to develop methods for upscaling reaction rates. In this work, we present a methodology for using pore-scale network modeling to investigate scaling effects in geochemical reaction rates. The reactive transport processes are simulated at the pore scale, accounting for heterogeneities of both physical and mineral properties. Mass balance principles are then used to calculate reaction rates at the continuum scale. To examine the scaling behavior of reaction kinetics, these continuum-scale rates from the network model are compared to the rates calculated by directly using laboratory-measured reaction rate laws and ignoring pore-scale heterogeneities. In this work, this methodology is demonstrated by upscaling anorthite and kaolinite reaction rates under simulation conditions relevant to geological CO₂ sequestration. Simulation results show that under conditions with CO₂ present at high concentrations, pore-scale concentrations of reactive species and reaction rates vary spatially by orders of magnitude, and the scaling effect is significant. With a much smaller CO₂ concentration, the scaling effect is relatively small. These results indicate that the increased acidity associated with geological sequestration can generate conditions for which proper scaling tools are yet to be developed. This work demonstrates the use of pore-scale network modeling as a valuable research tool for examining upscaling of geochemical kinetics. The pore-scale model allows the effects of pore-scale heterogeneities to be integrated into system behavior at multiple scales, thereby identifying important factors that contribute to the scaling effect.     

南京及周边地区土壤地球化学特征及基础地质应用探讨

南京及周边地区区域多目标地球化学调查与评价对调查区表、深层土壤采样分析了54项指标。提供了南京地区54项指标的表、深层土壤背景值,对比分析了背景值特点,讨论了元素地球化学区域分布特征,探讨了基础地质研究中地球化学在地层岩性、岩相划分方面的应用。     

Petro Gram: An excel-based petrology program for modeling of magmatic processes

Petro Gram is an Excel?based magmatic petrology program that generates numerical and graphical models.Petro Gram can model the magmatic processes such as melting,crystallization,assimilation and magma mixing based on the trace element and isotopic data.The program can produce both inverse and forward geochemical models for melting processes(e.g.forward model for batch,fractional and dynamic melting,and inverse model for batch and dynamic melting).However,the program uses a forward modeling approach for magma differentiation processes such as crystallization(EC:Equilibruim Crystallization,FC:Fractional Crystallization,IFC:Imperfect Fractional Crystallization and In-situ Crystallization),assimilation(AFC:Assimilation Fractional Crystallization,Decoupled FC-A:Decoupled Fractional Crystallization and Assimillation,A-IFC:Assimilation and Imperfect Fractional Crystallization)and magma mixing.One of the most important advantages of the program is that the melt composition obtained from any partial melting model can be used as a starting composition of the crystallization,assimilation and magma mixing.In addition,Petro Gram is able to carry out the classification,tectonic setting,multi-element(spider)and isotope correlation diagrams,and basic calculations including Mg^#,Eu/Eu^*,εSrandεNdwidely used in magmatic petrology.     

柴达木西北缘牛鼻子梁地区地球化学特征及找矿指导

牛鼻子梁地区位于柴达木盆地西北缘,属于典型的高原荒漠景观,开展大比例尺的地球化学测量,能获取更为真实地球化学信息,大大提高了地球化学信息的收集和地质找矿的效果。通过对牛鼻子梁地区的成矿地质特征及重要地球化学异常特征进行分析研究,发现与成矿密切相关的是晚泥盆世基性-超基性岩,断裂构造有一定的控制作用;地球化学异常中Cr、Co、Ni、La、Au等元素异常特征明显,结合内已有的成矿事实,表明寻找与基性-超基性岩体相关的铜镍矿、与韧性剪切带相关的金矿及稀有稀土矿的潜力较大,建议下一步优先对此类异常区进行详细查证和工程勘查。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北缘地球化学大数据样本优选分析

众所周知,地球化学数据携带有众多地质噪音,这些噪音严重影响地球化学数据信息的客观性与可靠性;对于地球化学大数据融合分析而言,确定样品的有效性及变量优选是滤除地质噪音、建立最优样本集合的必要性工作,因而在地球化学大数据处理分析前需首先进行大样本优选,从而更加客观、真实的揭示地球化学大数据信息及相关地质意义。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地北缘1∶20万地球化学土壤测量数据为例,考虑元素之间的地球化学亲和力与组合匹配关系,建立非线性大样本优选模型。具体做法是基于优选后的样品矩阵,将39个元素变量分解成若干独立因子向量,将最优独立因子向量作为元素组合,其向量各分量作为元素变量的权重,依权重大小进行变量优选;优选后的样本集合可以作为该区地球化学数据分析与信息识别的有效地学信息集合,运用这种集合可以有效开展鄂尔多斯盆地外围铀地球化学分析,并为盆地铀资源预测奠定基础。     

Application of classical statistics,logratio transformation and multifractal approaches to delineate geochemical anomalies in the Zarshuran gold district,NW Iran

The aim of this study is to discriminate the geochemical anomalies in the Zarshuran district, NW Iran, using different geochemical methods and present a more useful method where anomalous areas better coincide with the geological features. For this methods of delineation, geochemical anomalies were compared using geological features, occupied area of anomalies respect to the total study area, and field observations. Frequency based analysis such as mean + 2SDEV and median + 2MAD and concentration–area (C–A) multifractal methods were adopted for estimating thresholds and separating geochemical anomalies in uni-element data, as well as multi-element ones. Threshold values obtained from mean + 2SDEV and median + 2MAD, from original point geochemical data, are smaller than those of the pixel values; this may be due to the stronger variance of pixel values. In addition, the C–A multifractal method, as a useful tool to identify weak geochemical anomalies, was applied for defining the threshold values. Robust principal component analysis (RPCA) methods coupled with isometric log-ratio (ilr) transformations were utilized to open the geochemical data in order to reduce the effects of the data closure problem. The 20-quantile intervals decomposed anomaly maps from PC1 were obtained from the classical PCA, robust PCA showed that the upper quintile (>80 quintile) of classical PCA covers a larger area (32.54%) than the robust PCA (18.16%), and as a result, the robust PCA displayed smaller areas and has good spatial associations with outcrops of hydrothermal Au–As mineralization in this area; coincident with the known Zarshuran former mining area (ore field), Zarshuran unit, Ghaldagh silicified limestone occurrence and newly explored works confirmed by field observation. Although the C–A model shows a smaller area (8.06%), this anomaly location is limited to the Zarshuran old mining area with no new exploration targets. Comparison of the models indicates that the RPCA model is not only beneficial to further Au exploration in the study area, but also provides a meaningful geological study to the community of the compositional data analysis.     

山东省东平—汶上铁矿带铁矿床地球化学特征分析

东平—汶上铁矿带是鲁西重要的鞍山式铁矿带,矿床赋存于新太古界泰山群山草峪组变质岩中,目前已经探明10余处大、中型铁矿床。铁矿体一般呈层状、似层状,长一般800m,厚度6m;矿石主要为磁铁石英岩,发育条带状构造。文章阐述了通过采集典型矿床矿石及围岩样品,测试其常量元素、稀土元素、微量元素,结果显示磁铁石英岩总体表现为高硅,低磷、低铝;矿石和围岩的稀土元素含量都较低(w(ΣREE)=23.74×10~(-6)~141.22×10~(-6)),相对富集轻稀土,亏损重稀土(w(LREE)/w(HREE)=4.10~5.42),Eu负异常(δEu=0.61~0.96,平均0.86),Ce不显异常(δCe=0.93~1.05,平均0.94);富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Th,高场强元素Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf、Ti等相对亏损。研究结果表明,东平—汶上铁矿成矿带的赋矿原岩形成于大陆边缘和火山岛弧构造环境;山草峪组变质岩原岩可能经历了多个完整的火山-沉积旋回,火山活动提供了成矿物质铁和硅;成矿期海水为缺氧的弱还原环境。     

Heat-flow regimes and the hydrate stability zone of a transient,thermogenic, fault-controlled hydrate system (Woolsey Mound northern Gulf of Mexico)

This study aims to constrain the base of the hydrates stability field in structurally complexsites using the case of Woolsey Mound, a fault-controlled, transient, thermogenic hydrates system, in Mississippi Canyon Block 118, northern Gulf of Mexico. We have computed the base of the hydrates stability field integrating results from a recent heat-flow survey, designed to investigate geothermal anomalies along fault zones which exhibit different fluid flux regimes. An advanced “compositional” simulator was used to model hydrate formation and dissociation at Woolsey Mound and addresses the following hypotheses:

• 1.Migrating thermogenic fluids alter thermal conditions of the Hydrate Stability Zone (HSZ), so heat-flow reflects fault activity;
• 2.Gas hydrate formation and dissociation vary temporally at active faults, temporarily sealing conduits for migration of thermogenic fluids;
• 3.High salinity and inclusion of thermogenic gases with higher molecular weight than methane produce opposite effects on the depth to the bottom of the hydrate stability zone.

Applications of results include identifying and quantifying hydrate deposits in shallow sediments using an interdisciplinary approach that includes multiple resolution seismic data evaluation, geological and geochemical groundtruthing and heat-flow analyses as a proxy for activity along faults.     

永吉县一拉溪-冯家屯地区1∶50 000水系沉积物测量异常下限处理方法

本文结合“吉林省吉林中部地区构造岩浆岩带金、铜多金属矿产资源调查”项目中“永吉县一拉溪-冯家屯地区1∶50000水系沉积物测量”所取得的数据,采用目前比较常用的全区统一异常下限的传统方法(简称传统法),根据地球化学特点及地质背景,将该区划分成若干小区。各小区分别采用不同的异常下限的衬值计算法(简称分区衬值法),对Au、As、Sb、Mo进行研究。研究对比发现:传统法采用统一的异常下限,会减弱甚至漏掉一些重要矿化异常信息,本次采用分区衬值法则能较好地显示低背景区的异常信息,克服高背景区异常面积过大,不集中等缺点,取得较好效果,达到更好地发现异常目的。